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Ignacio Matte Blanco hypothesized the nature of unconscious logic, as opposed to conscious logic. He deduced that if the unconscious has consistent characteristics it must follow rules, or there would be chaos. However the nature of these hypothetical characteristics indicates that their rules differ from conventional logic.

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Image result for Ignacio Matte Blanco, The Unconscious as Infinite Sets:

Ignacio Matte Blanco, The Unconscious as Infinite Sets: An Essay in Bi-logic, Routledge, 1981.
read it at google Books


A systematic effort to rethink Freud's theory of the unconscious, aiming to separate out the different forms of unconsciousness. The logico-mathematical treatment of the subject is made easy because every concept used is simple and simply explained from first principles. Each renewed explanation of the facts brings the emergence of new knowledge from old material of truly great importance to the clinician and the theorist alike. A highly original book that ought to be read by everyone interested in psychiatry or in Freudian psychology.


'Perhaps the first systematic effort to rethink Freud's theory of the unconscious, aiming to separate the different forms of unconsciousness (many of which Freud lumped into the concept of the "primary process") has been undertaken by Ignacio Matte Blanco in The Unconscious as Infinite Sets. Matte Blanco's work is of truly profound significance.'- Christopher Bollas


'Those [who have not read] The Unconscious as Infinite Sets are in for a very great treat.'- James S. Grotstein, M.D.


'A large volume probing the deeper aspects of psychology. Its charts of terra incognita are as good as any we yet have available.'- Karl Pribram, Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases


'The logical-mathematical treatment of the subject is made easy because every logical-mathematical concept used is simply explained from first principles. Each renewed explanation of the facts brings the emergence of new knowledge from old material of truly great importance to the clinician and the theorist alike.'- Henri Rey, International Journal of Psychoanalysis


'This is a highly original book. The author, a professor of psychiatry who is a practicing psycho-analyst, feels that psycho-analysis needs a new theoretical frame of reference, without which it is proving impossible to see new facts in clinical reality. This book ought to be read by everyone interested in psychiatry or Freudian psychology.'- British Book News


Matte Blanco's hypothesis proposes that in the unconscious "a part can represent the whole" and that "past, present, and future are all the same"'. He set out to examine the five characteristics of the unconscious that Freud had outlined: timelessness, displacement, condensation, replacement of external by internal reality, and absence of mutual contradiction. Matte Blanco hypothesized the nature of unconscious logic, as opposed to conscious logic. He deduced that if the unconscious has consistent characteristics it must follow rules, or there would be chaos. However the nature of these hypothetical characteristics indicates that their rules differ from conventional logic.
In his work The Unconscious as Infinite Sets, Matte Blanco proposes that the structure of the unconscious can be summarised by the principles of Generalisation and of Symmetry: 1) The principle of Generalization: here logic does not take account of individuals as such, it deals with them only as members of classes, and of classes of classes. 2) The principle of Symmetry: here the logic treats the converse of any relation as identical to it; that is, it deals with relationships as symmetrical'.
While the principle of Generalisation might be compatible with conventional logic, discontinuity is introduced by the principle of Symmetry under which relationships are treated as symmetrical, or reversible. Whereas asymmetrical thinking distinguishes individuals from one another by the relationship between them, reality testing, symmetrical thinking, by contrast, sees relations as holding indiscriminately across a field of individuals. For example, an asymmetrical relationship, X is greater than Y, becomes reversible so that Y is simultaneously greater and smaller than X. Matte Blanco draws here on Klein's understanding that "I am angry (with a person or thing)" as very close to "Someone or something is very angry with me"; and indeed he suggests that Klein was the most creative and original of all those who have drawn inspiration from Freud, highlighting in particular her famous concept of projective identification.
For Matte Blanco, "unconsciousness" is marked by symmetry, where there is a tendency towards 'sameness' and likewise, an implicit aversion to 'difference', while the quality of ego-functioning registers and bears difference, in a sense he called asymmetry .
Matte Blanco divided the unconscious into two modes of being: the symmetrical and the asymmetrical. Asymmetrical relations are relations that are non reversible. For example, “Jack reads the newspaper” cannot be reversed to the newspaper reading Jack. In this way, asymmetrical relations are logical relations and underlie everyday logic and common sense. They govern the conscious sphere of the human mind. Symmetrical relations, on the other hand, move in both directions simultaneously. For example, 'Daniel sits on a stone' can be reversed as, 'a stone sits on Daniel', without being untrue. Symmetrical relations, govern the unconscious mind. Matte Blanco states that the symmetrical, unconscious realm is the natural state of man and is a massive and infinite presence while the asymmetrical, conscious realm is a small product of it. This is why the principle of symmetry is all-encompassing and can dissolve all logic, leading to the asymmetrical relations perfectly symmetrical.
To show the illogical nature of symmetry, Matte Blanco said: "In the thought system of symmetry, time does not exist. An event that occurred yesterday can also occur today or tomorrow. Traumatic events of the past are not only seen in the unconscious as ever present and permanently happening but also about to happen."He said that "We are always, in a given mental product, confronted by a mixture of the logic of the unconscious with that of the preconscious and consciousness". Matte Blanco gives this mixture of two logics the name bi-logic and points out that our thinking is usually bi-logical, expressing the both types of logic to differing extents.
Matte Blanco saw in-depth analysis of the mind as falling into five broad strata: in which there is a particular combination of symmetrical and asymmetrical logic' appropriate to each one.In what he terms the first stratum, experience is characterized by the conscious awareness of separate objects. At this level thinking is mostly delimited and asymmetrical — closest to "normal", everyday life, to what W. R. Bion termed the mind of the "work group"...anchored to a sophisticated and rational level of behaviour.A second stratum can be defined by the appearance of a significant amount of symmetrization within otherwise asymmetrical thinking, so that for example a man in love will attribute to the beloved young woman...all the characteristics of the class of beloved woman, but (bi-logically) he will realize that his young woman also has limitations and defects.
The next deeper, third stratum is one where different classes are identified (thus containing a fair amount of asymmetrical thinking) but in which...parts of a class are always taken as the whole class — symmetrization (plus a degree of timelessness).The fourth stratum is defined by the fact that there is formation of wider classes which are also symmetrized, while asymmetry becomes less and less. Thus because "being a man" is a wider class than ones men, women and children, being a man is also equivalent to being a woman and a child. In this fourth and rather deep stratum, a number of the features of the Freudian unconscious are also characteristic. There is an absence of contradiction, also an identity of psychical and external reality.Finally, the deepest, fifth stratum is that in which processes of symmetrization tend towards the mathematical limit of indivisibility thinking, which requires asymmetrical relations, is greatly impaired and becomes the realm of psychotic functioning: without asymmetrical logic, play breaks down into delusion.
Normal human development for Matte Blanco, involved gradual familiarity with all five strata, including the capacity both to differentiate and to move between them all; in abnormal states, this continuity of differentiation between the strata becomes fractured or confused.
Thus, asymmetrical thoughts are said to be at the surface, while the symmetrical relations make up multiple lower strata that go deeper until an “invisible mode” or total symmetry is reached. In the deeper, completely unconscious levels, a statement such as “Jane is the mother of Jasmine” is equally valid as “Jasmine is the mother of Jane”. This statement reversal sounds preposterous to logical, asymmetrical, conscious thought, but the depth of the unconscious has its own rules. There, such a statement is true and incontestable. In this way, the principle of symmetry changes the asymmetrical to symmetrical or, put another way, the logical into the illogical.- wikipedia


Image result for Ignacio Matte Blanco, Thinking, Feeling, and Being,



Ignacio Matte Blanco, Thinking, Feeling, and Being, Routledge, 2003.

Ignacio Matte-Blanco has made one of the most original contributions to psychoanalysis since Freud.
In this book, which includes an introductory chapter to his work by Eric Rayner and David Tuckett, he develops his conceptualization of the Freudian unconscious in terms of logic and mathematics, giving many clinical examples.




Mathematical thought in the light of Matte Blanco's work (pdf)


Image result for Eric Rayner, Unconscious Logic: An Introduction to Matte Blanco's Bi-Logic and Its Uses

Eric Rayner, Unconscious Logic: An Introduction to Matte Blanco's Bi-Logic and Its Uses, Routledge, 2003.


While the theories of Matte Blanco about the structure of the unconscious and the way in which it operates are generally recognised to be the most original since those of Freud, for many people the ways in which his ideas are expressed, including the use of terminology from mathematics and logic, make them difficult of access.Eric Rayner has written the first clear introduction to Matte Blanco's key concepts for psychotherapists and psychoanalysts and all those concerned with moving psychoanalytic thinking forward. He sets out the central ideas in a way which is easy to understand and then shows, with examples, how they relate to clinical practice. He also describes how the ideas are related to those of people in other disciplines - mathematics, logic, psychology (specifically Piaget), and anthropology, among others.
Drawing on the work of a group of people who have been inspired by Matte Blanco's thinking to extend their own ideas and test them out in the consulting room, this book reveals the significance of Matte Blanco's thought for future research.



"Now at last we have a good introduction to Matte Blanco's ideas written by Eric Rayner which makes this very different psychoanalytic perspective relatively easy to understand. He explains new concepts step by step but, more importantly, he gives many clinical illustrations of logical ideas. But firstly, who is Matte Blanco?"- British Journal of Psychotherapy
"... let me say that Unconscious Logic is a very good introduction to Matte Blanco's bi-logic. The psychotherapist nervous of logic may find that they understand much more logic than they thought. But more than this they will find in bi-logic a method of connecting diverse discilplines as well as a new approach to clinical material." - British Journal of Psychotherapy



Ignacio Matte Blanco was a Chilean psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who developed a rule-based structure for the unconscious which allows us to make sense of the non-logical aspects of thought. Born in Santiago, Chile, Matte Blanco was educated in Chile, and before leaving Chile for London, was in analysis with Fernando Allende Navarro, Latin America's first qualified psychoanalyst. He trained [in psychiatry] at the Maudsley Hospital and in psychoanalysis at the London Institute, where he was in supervision with Anna Freud and James Strachey, becoming a member of the British Society in 1938. He subsequently worked in the United States, Chile, and Italy, where his family now lives. He died in Rome at the age of 86.

Will Bernardara Jr - Simultaneously a novella of stunning and sudden hyperviolence, an all-too-brief examination of cultural, pharmacological, and emotional dis-ease and disturbance, and a comprehensive demonological treatise

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Will Bernardara Jr, America, Void Front Press, 2018.


Simultaneously a novella of stunning and sudden hyperviolence, an all-too-brief examination of cultural, pharmacological, and emotional dis-ease and disturbance, and a comprehensive demonological treatise. Unsettling, unnerving, an image of multiply-entwined unravelings, Bernardara Jr invokes the superimposed spectres of America’s favorite pastimes: brutal violence, desensitization, and ignorance of the consequences of both.


//The evil is a plague and it is bacterial but its
vector is consciousness. The writer does not know or
comprehend the specifics of these future realities. At
any rate, what we have is possession by an external
force that looks like demonic possession (and it is)
and culminates in violent crimes, death, and assorted
nastiness.


“Fucking sorry –”
Dad twists, throws a right hook. Adam’s vision goes night.//

Philip Best charts the shattered psychic landscape of the early 21st century in all its eerieness, wonder and confusion. 'Alien Existence’ is sure to both disturb and enchant

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REVIEW. Philip Best - Alien Existence (Infinity Land Press, 2016)


Philip Best, Alien Existence,Infinity Land Press, 2016.




Alien Existence is a disquieting selection of original artworks and all-new text by Philip Best. Amplifying the dark themes of recent Consumer Electronics albums such as Estuary English and Dollhouse Songs, ‘Alien Existence’ charts the shattered psychic landscape of the early 21st century in all its eerieness, wonder and confusion. Stunningly printed in full colour and accompanied by a wide-ranging and provocative interview with Best by fellow artist Martin Bladh, 'Alien Existence’ is sure to both disturb and enchant.
The book includes 40 pages of Best's creative writings, over 200 colour reproductions and an extensive interview with the artist conducted by Martin Bladh.


Infinity Land Press is one of the greatest publishing companies i had encountered. Founded in 2013 by Martin Bladh (legendary musician at IRM, Skin Area) and Karolina Urbaniak (a visual artist, graphic designer and professional photographer based in London). Infinity Land is a realm deeply steeped in pathological obsessions, extreme desires, and private aesthetic visions. In the words of Yukio Mishima, “True beauty is something that attacks, overpowers, robs, and finally destroys.” This time i will write some words about their especially interesting book - ALIEN EXISTENCE, a disquieting selection of original artworks and all-new text by Philip Best. Amplifying the dark themes of recent Consumer Electronics albums such as Estuary English and Dollhouse Songs, ‘Alien Existence’ charts the shattered psychic landscape of the early 21st century in all its eerieness, wonder and confusion. 'Alien Existence’ is sure to both disturb and enchant. The book includes 40 pages of Best's creative writings, over 200 colour reproductions and an extensive interview with the artist conducted by Martin Bladh.
Philip Best (born 1968) is an English pioneer of power electronics, who formed the band Consumer Electronics in 1982 at the age of 14. He joined the group Whitehouse, led by William Bennett, in 1983. After a nine-year hiatus starting in 1984, Best rejoined and remained with the group until departing again in 2008. In the early 1980s, Best also ran his own DIY label Iphar, releasing compilations of power electronics. Through the circulation of these controversial cassettes he succeeded in promoting the burgeoning extreme noise genre.
Best has been a frequent collaborator with Gary Mundy on projects such as Ramleh (c.1987-1997).[3] In 1995, under the Consumer Electronics moniker, Best joined forces with Japanese noise musician Masami Akita - along with several Ramleh cohorts - to release "Horn of the Goat."In 1998, Best published his doctoral thesis at Durham University entitled "Apocalypticism in the Fiction of William S. Burroughs, J.G. Ballard and Thomas Pynchon", and later received a doctorate in English literature.
In 2010, a collection of Best's artwork entitled 'American Campgrounds' was published by Creation Books, with a foreword written by Peter Sotos.
Now, Philip Best comes with his probably best work. Harsh, aesthetic and angry in a good sense of the word. It makes me shiver as the first sounds of Coil's Musick to Play in the Dark.
Now, Philip Best comes with his probably best work. Harsh, aesthetic and angry in a good sense of the word. It makes me shiver as the first sounds of Coil's Musick to Play in the Dark.

It is dark.

Heavy.

Death is death.

Sincere.

You know, you must read it.

Happiness. It's what you get from this book. Strange? It should be so.

Mindaugas Peleckis



American Suburb X
 
Dennis Cooper Blog

Image of <b>Captagon</b> </br>Philip Best
Philip Best, Captagon, Amphetamine Sulphat,


"Midday sun and dust and flies buzz and buzz. Little good-for-nothings dragged from the marshes. Abandon the crops and go gather them to you. Initiations in the pens and years later voiceover confessions. You don’t seem to realise, Soldier, that we’re standing side by side, watching together those creatures on the ground, the rags of meat thrown around in the stones and the dirt. You don’t seem to realise the skin I share with you. And I’m there with you to watch the story unspool and see your daughter sat atop the stool the studio portrait on the side of the bed among the lipsticks and dregs the feigned suicide attempts no one is innocent I say no one. I was with you again in the bone-cold pits and when you taunted the kids with knives and with sticks. ‘Demons,’ you said, had entered your head, but I was there all the while, and it was you on your own I say just you all alone."


Image of <b>Captagon</b> </br>Philip Best

Philip Best is an English collage artist and pioneer of power electronics music. Since 1982 Best has written and recorded music with Whitehouse, Ramleh and Skullflower, and more recently with his long-running solo project Consumer Electronics, releasing Estuary English (2014) and Dollhouse Songs (2015). He has performed on numerous occasions in the USA, Japan, Australia and throughout Europe. In 1998, Best published his doctoral thesis at Durham University entitled Apocalypticism in the Fiction of William S. Burroughs, J.G. Ballard and Thomas Pynchon, and later received a doctorate in English literature. He has also released two books with collage artworks entitled American Campgrounds (Creation Books, 2010) and most recently Alien Existence on Infinity Land Press (2016).
Best now lives in Texas and publishes chapbooks under the Amphetamine Sulphate imprint.

Carlos de Oliveira - If upon the first reading I was sure that Finisterra was an extraordinary book, after reading it for the second time I knew that it was a timeless masterpiece. There is nothing like it not only in Portuguese letters, but also in world literature as a whole.

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Carlos de Oliveira, Finisterra,






Carlos de Oliveira’s brief novel is a thing of exceptional, exquisite beauty. It’s one of the rare cases when the expression “to paint with words” is not just a glib figure of speech, but the only possible way to characterise the imagistic splendour of the Portuguese author’s writing. Finisterra is something to be seen, contemplated, gazed at, rather than simply read. And no, there are no typographical gimmicks or fanciful illustrations — just plain text, but the evocative power of the words used by this virtuoso is so great, that you will see things. I guarantee you that. Before I proceed,  let me quote the passage from the very beginning of the novel, taken from the extract translated by Kenneth Krabbenhoft (this sample translation used to be available on the site of the publisher And Other Stories, but, regrettably, it has been taken down):
The familiar garden (first stage of disrepair): brambles in shapeless mounds, untrimmed boxwood, nettles, wildflowers. Stunted palm trees, so swollen they look like aging, diseased dwarfs, their long hair and matted leaves bent to touch the ground.
Perched on a whale bone, more correctly the middle section of a whale’s backbone, fifty-five centimeters wide and thirty-three high: two vertebras spread open like the blades (arms) of a propeller, quite far apart, providing a resting place for the elbows. Balancing the sketchpad on his knees he is able to draw (pretty soon the summer rain will send him indoors). Whale bone, the texture of softwood, waterlogged and weatherbeaten but free of rot: when light strikes its muted grain it raises a gray powder, as if re-igniting. The stone hardness relents, and they both float (the child and the whale bone) above the bilious moss, the stalks of gisandra, the lichen — these lingering afflictions.
A clashing in the clouds catches him by surprise then fades away, but it is enough to open a crack (irreparable) in his memory, and he reproduces the landscape outside his window, from memory. He shapes primordial beings, mixes summer and winter, tones down the blinding (excessive) summer sunlight that strikes the sand, crushed mica, mortar-ground glass (whatever), swells the grains of sand to the size they seem to have at night when the wind throws fat fistfuls of pebbles at the windows. At this point the rain drives him from the garden. Not much time for floating.
If a novel begins like that, you get a hunch that your display of all-time favourite books might require additional shelf space.
Besides being beautifully written, this short but extremely dense novel is as enigmatic as a coded alchemical treatise. Even several close readings will not reveal all its mysteries. It’s one of those books that can be continuously re-read, each time yielding new revelations and insights. If upon the first reading I was sure that Finisterra was an extraordinary book, after reading it for the second time I knew that it was a timeless masterpiece and that I would re-read it again. There is nothing like it not only in Portuguese letters, but also in world literature as a whole.
The first impression of the novel is that of an incomprehensible and gorgeous pandemonium. It is hard to tell when the given scene is set and who is talking.  The dialogues are unattributed and even the circumstantial evidence hinting at the speakers is scarce. There are no clear time indications, which often misleads the reader into thinking that the current events happened a long time ago, and, conversely, that the occurrences from the distant past are the most recent developments. Yes, Carlos de Oliveira masterfully pulled this off long before Westworld. It takes patience, concentration and resourcefulness to make a semblance of the blueprint for the plot of this mysterious novel.
A man returns to his childhood home, now derelict and dilapidated, and tries to piece together the history of his family, the house, and the enthralling landscape around it. A folder with the family papers is of some help in his task, but the key element of his probe into the reasons that brought about the ruin of the house, eventually devoured by the forces of ruthless nature, is the prodigious theatre of his mind. It is his staged recollections and reveries which are mostly responsible for the befuddling effect of the text on the reader. As it becomes apparent, the man’s main conversation partner is his younger self from the past, the little boy who once drew a picture of the landscape as it appeared in the window of the house, revealing thus that he had inherited from his parents a very peculiar obsession.
We learn next to nothing about the backgrounds of the boy’s father and mother. Not even their names. What we do learn in spades is their approach to representing the landscape. The father believes in the objective representation by means of photography. He attaches an enlarged photograph of the landscape to the same wall as the window overlooking it: the original and the faithful copy side by side. The mother’s method is subjective and, therefore, more creative. She burns the picture of the landscape with a pyrography tool on a sheepskin cushion. It is their child who advances the farthest, of course. His drawing, executed from memory, represents the landscape as an environment subject to the transformative power of imagination. In contrast to his parents, the boy not only considerably distorts the original by making the lake tiny like a drop of water and the sand grains huge like rocks, but also populates his version of the landscape with pilgrims who are fleeing their native land stricken by apocalyptic calamities. The fugitives’  heads are black and wrapped in flames. The livestock and other domestic animals of the pilgrims are also depicted with deviation from the norm: the lambs are larger than the oxen, and the horses slither on the ground like snakes.
The efforts of the family members to capture the landscape via different media might be seen as the irrational attempt to save their house from the encroachment of nature embodied by thick fog and viscous corrosive mud whose main ingredient is the sap of the fungal plants gisandras, which are solely the author’s invention. The only external protection their dwelling appears to have is the “halo”, a mysterious shield of light surrounding the house, but there is little hope that it will keep staving off forever the intrusion of the elements. Another threat is of legal origin: the house was bought on a mortgage loan and the family are behind in payments. The boy’s uncle studies old alchemical writings, hoping to find the secret formula of some fabulous translucent porcelain and to save the house with the riches it will bring him. But it is obvious to everyone that he’s on a fool’s errand. The original sin lies with the first settlers, the pioneers, who more than a thousand years ago claimed the wilderness, which is now home to the family. The mortgage is just the latest stage in the long-term imposition of order and structure on the dunes, the lake, and the wild grasses that make up the landscape.
Yet another version of the landscape is added to the existing ones when the adult protagonist makes its three-dimensional  model on the top of a table, using sand, ashes and salt as his main materials. His most impressive creation, however, is the imaginary space in which the past and the present converge and which draws a lot on the fantastic world of his childhood drawing. This new dimension serves as the stage for an expiatory masque produced by the man in order to enact symbolical salvation of the doomed home. The performance is saturated with Christian motifs; there is even a sacrificial lamb bought from the pilgrims, which is to be decorated alive by the mother’s pyrography tool. Despite the higher degree of sophistication present in the theatre of the mind, nothing can be done to save the house from wrack and ruin. Nature will not accept another man-made system, no matter how creative, in exchange for its mercy. The place with the rotting house (known as the End of the Land or Finisterra in Latin), after all these centuries, is about to enter a new epoch which begins as soon as the oppressive human presence ends.
Carlos de Oliveira’s last and greatest novel is very short — just 140 pages, yet it fully deserves to be called his magnum opus. Beautiful, poetic, philosophical, and boldly experimental, the text of Finisterra showcases density and depth that very few present-day doorstoppers possess.
https://theuntranslated.wordpress.com/2018/09/23/finisterra-landscape-and-settlement-finisterra-paisagem-e-povoamento-by-carlos-de-oliveira/

Shaun Prescott - 'The Town' offers an experience of profound estrangement, not only from place and landscape, identity and community, but from reading a book, and perhaps even from meaning itself. Prescott is commendably unafraid to wander in among the tangled paradoxes Murnane has left lying in the field for him,

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Image result for Shaun Prescott, The Town,
Shaun Prescott, The Town, Faber & Faber, 2018.


But there had been a war. Everyone was certain of it, though it had been a long time since.
This is Australia: an unnamed, dead-end town in the heart of the outback. A young writer arrives in New South Wales to research local settlements that are slowly vanishing into oblivion - but he didn't expect these ghost towns to literally disappear before his eyes. When an epidemic of mysterious holes threatens the town's existence, he is plunged into an abyss of weirdness from which he may never recover.
Dark, slippery and unsettling, Shaun Prescott's debut novel achieves many things. It resurrects the existentialist novel; excavates a nation's buried history of colonial genocide; and tells a love story that asks if outsiders can ever truly belong. Through a glass darkly, The Town examines the shadowy underbelly of Australian identity - and the result is a future classic.


With this long-awaited and utterly unique debut novel, Shaun Prescott announces himself as a compelling new voice. The Town is magnetic, revealing the true depth of Australia: the good, the bad and the captivatingly ugly. 
Community radio host Ciara receives dozens of unmarked cassette recordings every week and broadcasts them to a listenership of none. Ex-musician Tom drives an impractical bus that no one ever boards. Publican Jenny runs a hotel that has no patrons. Rick wanders the aisles of the Woolworths every day in an attempt to blunt the disappointment of adulthood.  
In a town of innumerable petrol stations, labyrinthine cul-de-sac streets, two competing shopping plazas and ubiquitous drive-thru franchises, where are these people likely to find the truth about their collective past - and can they do so before the town completely disappears?  
Shaun Prescott's debut novel The Town follows an unnamed narrator's efforts to complete a book about disappeared towns in the Central West of New South Wales. Set in a yet-to-disappear town in the region a town believed by its inhabitants to have no history at all the novel traces its characters' attempts to carve their own identities in a place that is both unyielding and teetering on the edge of oblivion.


Community radio host Ciara receives dozens of unmarked cassette recordings every week and broadcasts them to a listenership of none. Ex-musician Tom drives an impractical bus that no one ever boards. Publican Jenny runs a hotel that has no patrons. Rick wanders the aisles of the Woolworths every day in an attempt to blunt the disappointment of adulthood.
In a town of innumerable petrol stations, labyrinthine cul-de-sac streets, two competing shopping plazas, and ubiquitous drive-thru franchises, where are the townsfolk likely to find the truth about their collective past – and can they do so before the town disappears?
Shaun Prescott’s debut novel The Town follows an unnamed narrator’s efforts to complete a book about disappeared towns in the Central West of New South Wales. Set in a yet-to-disappear town in the region—a town believed by its inhabitants to have no history at all—the novel traces its characters’ attempts to carve their own identities in a place that is both unyielding and teetering on the edge of oblivion.
For admirers of Gerald Murnane, Wayne Macauley, Robert Walser, and Thomas Bernhard, this novel speaks to who we are as people  and as a country, whether we like what it says or not.
https://www.theliftedbrow.com/the-town/


“This novel signals its author as someone who understands what literature is for. It is one of the strongest and strangest contemporary Australian novels I've seen, an uncompromising look at regional Australia and small-town life, through the eyes of an unnamed narrator whose flat tone of voice and obsession with the book he's writing make the reader wonder exactly how we are intended to see him and thus to interpret what he says. The narrator is as much a mystery as the subject of his book, which is, he says, "the disappearing towns in the Central West region of News South Wales". As though to prove that, great holes begin to appear in the streets of the unnamed town in which the narrator has arrived. It's possible to see the influence of Gerald Murnane in this book, in its style and in its focus on the strangeness of banality, but it's not so much derivativeness as a similarity of vision.” - Kerryn Goldsworthy, The Age/Sydney Morning Herald


“This is one of those rare books that bothers your thinking by making you feel uncomfortable without necessarily knowing why or how. The aftermath is a kind of free-fall. It’s a remarkable achievement and a testament to how the small publishers rather than the big houses are producing Australia’s best and riskiest fiction.”
Ed Wright, The Australian

“a deep dive into weirdness that reads like a blend of Donald Horne and García Márquez ... a gentle, if gnawing, safari of the existential dread on which Australia is built.”
The Saturday Paper

“We read this brilliantly weird debut from Shaun Prescott on our holidays a few weeks back and have since bored almost everyone we know by continuously droning on about it.”
i-D

By virtue of its topography, Australia has always been able to produce tales that simply couldn’t work in Britain. To those of us who have never visited, it appears in the imagination as a vast space encircled by a beautiful coastline close to which cling cities, towns and their sprawling suburbs, while the largely uninhabited interior – dusty, hostile and unknowable – could comfortably host 31 United Kingdoms. A place to get lost in.
It’s a concept not always entirely challenged by that Australian literature which has found favour abroad. Walkabout by James Vance Marshall, Wake In Fright by Kenneth Cook, True History of the Kelly Gang by Peter Carey and Dirt Music by Tim Winton are united by the thematic trope of escape – from town to outback, from adversaries and the law, from the self. “Australia” is often the lead character.
Shaun Prescott’s oddly moving debut The Town stretches such themes of escape, flight and identity into new shapes. His is a microcosmic Australia reduced to a town so drab it has no name, to which a young budding writer, also nameless, moves to write a factual book about “the disappearing towns of the Central West of New South Wales”.
He finds a place without purpose, where a creeping sense of malevolence is manifested in the malls and maze of culs-de-sac. A passenger-free bus endlessly circles, a train station receives no trains, while a character such as Ciara, a musician and DJ, obsessively leaves thousands of cassettes of her eerie synth music about the town and broadcasts to nobody. Posters advertise gigs featuring imaginary bands, and teenagers congregate to dig holes: “If you weren’t satisfied with the town, but couldn’t pinpoint what was unsatisfactory about it, digging holes was what you ended up doing.” As the narrator takes a job at Woolworths and his historic research is met with blank looks, his book falls by the wayside and in his fellow inhabitants he finds failure as almost pre-destined. Characters are often defined by repetition or the things they don’t do, as in the novels of Magnus Mills. They do have a flair for beer and casual violence, though, gathering annually to drunkenly destroy the park or each other. Here fighting is a folk tradition, a ritual, part of the community’s fabric.
Nothing much appears to happen until the surface itself begins to erode as gaping, portal-like holes appear across the town. Discussion of them is largely avoided, with any broader municipal problems blamed on Muslims (though there are none in the town), video games or mutant subterranean rabbits. Meanwhile an intangible sense of loss pervades: “Perhaps the moment the town was founded was the very best moment it ever had, and ever since then it had been in decline.” Here The Town– which may not pick up any awards for its title – skirts the realm of an ironic 1950s B-movie update. When three blocks of the main street disappear “the absence was so large that it was no longer just depthless or devoid of colour. Instead it has become a glimmering mirror, towering skyward, as high and wide as the missing buildings.” First regional identity is under threat and now reality itself: “Historical things don’t always need to be happening,” says one man, shortly before he and his friends attack the narrator for being an outsider stealing their jobs, “It’s better when they don’t.” The Town features moments of genuine unease punctuated by bouts of banality and literary lassitude, but perhaps that is the point; it is a mood piece permeated by an asphyxiating ambience. Zooming out, we see a place and its people whose sense of self is vague and, like the town, full of holes. Finally escaping to an unnamed Sydney, the narrator and Ciara find a chaotic, sprawling metropolis, yet one that feels just as spiritually empty. This is existentialism, late-stage capitalism-style, played out while people sit around on beaches and park benches, drinking beer, swigging while Rome burns. Their lives are free but without meaning.
In his acknowledgements, Prescott thanks the Wiradjuri people, on whose land the book is set; otherwise white Australia’s bloody past is not mentioned. We know it is there, though, just beneath the surface. The Town is perhaps an allegorical mirror reflecting the evils of ignorance and xenophobia that lurk in all humans, everywhere, and the fragility of existence. It’s a gripping but grim depiction. - Benjamin Myer, New Statesmen

1.
There are three modes in which most stories about Australia’s regional towns can be categorised: horror (‘New to the ‘Yabba?’); affectionate satire (‘Goodbye, Porpoise Spit!’); and that particular nostalgia we cultivate for small-town life, a Wintonesque keening for place and belonging for which there seems to be no cure.
While the reality of regional life can approach all three of these modes and sometimes cycle quickly through them in a day, regional towns, particularly ones with few economic opportunities, are more likely to be characterised by paralysis and boredom. A lack of interest in art, a meek or uninspired cultural output, an absence of audiences or colleagues, a sense that real life is elsewhere – for creative workers, the experience of small town life doubles down on Australia’s already strong sense of cultural inadequacy. The yearning and FOMO of the regional artist are partly for a perceived community that may not exist anywhere (I am always relieved when I attend an event in Melbourne or Sydney and realise everyone else also knows each other only from Twitter), partly for an end to one’s fear of terminal marginality, and partly for something intangible that we sense we were promised but that remains always off-screen. You could call it authenticity.
There is a joke among regional authors that we will inevitably be put on some panel discussion at a big city festival to talk about our ‘sense of place’ or our ‘relationship with landscape’, as if that is all we can discuss; as if we need to be reminded that the rest of the national discourse happens elsewhere. Though there are certainly advantages to living regionally (hello, clean air and affordable housing), the literary establishment, concentrated on the urban coast, tends to reinforce our peripherality. Tasmanian writer Ben Walter recently argued in Overland that the experience of the regional writer amounts to structural marginalisation. And yet Australian stories are so often set away from cities; we refer constantly to the regional as a site of meaning. Actually living in a regional town – especially if you write or make art or music in one – is therefore an experience of inhabiting the space between the map and the terrain.
2.
Shaun Prescott’s eminently strange novel, The Town, begins by rejecting outright any ‘sense of place’. The town in this novel is nameless. It is a site that refutes specificity, character, and indeed meaning itself. As a librarian tells its narrator early on: ‘There are no books about this town… Nothing of note has ever happened in this town, and by the time it does, there will no longer be any point in remembering it.’ The town is identified only by its vague location: the Central West of NSW. In other ways, including in its sense of its own insignificance, the town is stubbornly generic. We learn that the narrator is writing a book about the disappearing towns of the Central West. We can assume that he thinks this one is at risk of disappearing too.
The prototype, or I might say, the formal paradigm for this novel is Gerald Murnane’s The Plains, which also begins with a writer, in that case a filmmaker, arriving in a remote town in order to attempt a unique form of expression, which he also mostly does by hanging round the pub. The feeling of familiarity that begins The Town for readers of Murnane might seem at first derivative, but it is more useful to think of this as an echo, an homage, or even a sample.
In the 35 years since The Plains was first published it is curious that so few writers have sought to refer to it directly in fiction. Perhaps this is out of respect for its uniqueness as a book, or (I think more likely) writers are wary of entangling ourselves in its insoluble paradoxes of image and representation. The metaphysical is either embarrassing or dangerous, like a neglected paddock suspected of harbouring snakes.
Where Murnane’s plainsmen are individualist intellectuals, Prescott’s townspeople are a much less inspired (though more fairly gender-representative) bunch. The first third of this book, titled ‘The Town,’ introduces a cast of characters whose existences are narrow and purposes absurd. We are in the satirical mode, though it’s more anthropological than affectionate. There is Rob, the narrator’s housemate, who is interested only in sport and drinking and who provides Prescott with opportunities for typically arid humour: ‘I told him that I was writing a book about the disappearing towns in the Central West region of New South Wales. He said he was going to have a beer.’ There is Jenny from the pub, a pub that is always empty, a woman constantly irritated by the narrator’s questions; her hostility and impatience with him are at once comic and understandable. There is Ciara, the only person who seems interested in the narrator’s proposed book, a woman who hosts a show on the local community radio station that no-one listens to and whose musical projects are later elaborated in more detail. There is Tom, who drives an empty bus around the outskirts of the town, the ‘tentacle roads’ that lead everywhere and nowhere, and who also has a musical past. There is Rick, who has tried and failed spectacularly to leave the town and now finds solace only in visiting Woolworths.
Though the town’s name is never specified, familiar brands proliferate: it sports a Big W, a Bakers Delight, a McDonalds and a Bunnings. On arrival, the narrator wanders around one of two rival plazas imagining his life in the town through its brands: ‘I looked at the Sanity and thought about the CDs I would buy once I had found a job. Then I browsed the Angus & Robertson and made mental notes of the books I would purchase, and read, and discuss with the people I would meet in the café…’ Prescott is evoking a familiar cultural loneliness here, familiar at least to those of us who grew up before the internet became all-pervasive, but like much of The Town there is more going on beneath the surface. His decision to name these tired brands also situates the novel in a contemporary capitalist realm where meaning and identity are corralled by labels that are ultimately empty of meaning and identity. Naming these corporate outlets has the ironic effect of further de-specifying the town. The signifiers are familiar but the spaces themselves are cloned territories designed for anonymous consumption and pointless labour. They refuse to fulfil their promise of belonging. Later, Rick says he loves hanging around the Woolworths because it is ‘an embassy for nowhere.’
All the while the landscape hovers outside the town in a form reminiscent of the Horizonites’ ‘zone of haze’ in The Plains, a liminal space where sky and land might meet, a site of vague potentiality. Prescott describes this as a ‘shimmer’ that dissolves the town at its edges but also forms a kind of border through which it is difficult or undesirable to pass. The shimmer is an image that begins and ends the first third of this book, almost as a refrain. When I turn the page and find it also begins the second part, it feels like a tape has restarted, almost as if this book is playing back a recording of itself.
I don’t think this is an accident. Musical motifs – bands, cassette tapes, radio – are everywhere in The Town, and its structure is riddled with loops and refrains. If there is a core figure to this novel it is music: inaccessible music, unheard or indescribable music, the production of recordings that come from nowhere and arrive nowhere, sound that is meaningless noise, or noise that obscures meaning. Ciara is the vehicle for much of this – her radio station receives mysterious tapes, and she distributes posters for imaginary bands that put on non-existent concerts. There are references to her belief in an underground or an imagined community of listeners, but such people are never found. These images recall pre-internet years spent listening to slightly out-of-range community radio stations, desperate to connect with some imagined like-minded individual. Ciara’s character will be familiar to anyone who grew up in the nineties and grazed the floors of record stores and the classified pages of music magazines looking for other young people who understood the fundamental emptiness of all scenes but were desperate to belong to one anyway.
Ciara explains that she used to hang out with the metallers, who tolerated her proclivities for noise and weirdness, but that ultimately they parted ways. She spends many hours each day distributing cassette tapes of ‘mysterious music’. Music is an escape for her, but not a very good one. I felt sorry for Ciara and kept hoping she would find zines, which is presumably what happened to Shaun Prescott. He has spent much of his career so far as a music writer, and has a long association with zines. Zine communities tend to nurture eccentricity, rather than encourage professionalisation, but when they have done both they have produced some of our most interesting writers – Anwen Crawford, Vanessa Berry, Tom Cho. Brow Books, able to move between the worlds of ‘underground’ and ‘serious’ literature, is well placed to reap the benefits of the former’s embrace of the unique; I hope that it will also reflect the diversity that zine culture, and indeed The Lifted Brow, so carefully cultivates.
If music promises a means of escape, its promise is not fulfilled. The main form of escape for the town’s inhabitants is alcohol, and one of the funniest scenes in this first third of the book is the town’s celebration of ‘its own special day’, where the town’s residents gather in the park for an event both bizarre and familiar. Our narrator plays Virgil to this scene, describing the townspeople at chill remove but to comic effect: ‘It annoyed them to have the mayor speak during an event designed for drinking.’ The mayor’s speech (inaudible, of course) is followed by an apparently meaningless ritual of destruction.
3.
In his book The Weird and the Eerie, Mark Fisher argued that the defining characteristic of the weird in fiction is the portal, ‘notable for the way in which it opens up an egress between this world and others.’ The notion of the portal resonates neatly with Prescott’s requirements for regional characters to seek some form of escape, at first via subculture. In the first part of The Town, the portals or thresholds are alluded to in several forms: as music, as shimmer, in the description of a historic railway station where no trains pause, and so on. But in the second part of The Town, ‘The Disappearing Town,’ these portals become physical. A hole appears, and the disappearance of the town, for which we have been amply prepared, begins.
It was more of an absence than a hole, neither black nor dark nor any other colour or shade. A part of the world had apparently just vanished.
As Fisher explains, ‘weird fiction always presents us with a threshold between worlds… the centrality of doors, thresholds and portals means that the notion of the between is crucial to the weird.’ The escape can never be accomplished, because the tension comes from liminality. Like the crack in Tom McCarthy’s Remainder, the hole provides a stimulus for the revelation that all is not well on the surface, in the place we call reality.
But music also begins to function as a literal portal in this second section of The Town. In an extraordinary scene, a band plays a haunting concert: ‘The music had sounded alien, remote, like nothing else the audience had ever heard. More than a mere sound, it had come to resemble a portal, an access point to a foreign region.’ The music continues for days, until the audience has to be hauled away. This hypnotic effect seems to access something buried or hidden in the audience, some ore of dark feeling that has not yet been refined into sorrow or loss. The town and its inhabitants are only ever one discord away from a psychotic break.
Gradually, through scenes that reiterate the by-now familiar banality of the town, its disappearance is elaborated. The tape plays back with some distortion, becoming a soundscape of decay and breakdown. The hole grows larger and multiplies. As the holes expand, logic and reality collapse. The self-destructive impulses of the townspeople become starker, even poignant. Although Rob believes that the hole may signal some sort of environmental disaster, it does not feel catastrophic to the townspeople, for whom real catastrophe is still elsewhere – indeed, Ciara suggests to the narrator that the town is not significant enough to have something disastrous happen to it.
These holes evoke sinkholes and the damage wrought on landscapes by fracking or coal mining. They suggest the epidemic of suicide that stalks regional towns. People fall or leap into the holes and never reappear. We don’t know where they go. Perhaps they are memory-holes, amnesiac absences. Prescott soon discovers the holes offer the sort of metaphor he can throw anything into and wait in vain to hear it hit the bottom.
There are other kinds of holes. Some of the townspeople, the youth, undertake a sort of archaeological dig, but they are unable to identify the value of anything they unearth. This dyschronic or anti-historical quality evokes the liminal again, what one of Murnane’s landowners describes as ‘a history that had almost come into being.’ The disappearing quality of this town severs it from time as well as place. It is as though all this digging is a kind of searching for something that everyone knows is not there.
If Australian literature is obsessed by the regional, it is partly, I believe, from a hope that a grounding identity might be found in it – a sort of Lasseter’s Reef of the soul. But much of our writing about landscape unearths only a sense of hauntedness. Landscape is evoked as a site of trauma or loss. In legal circles as well as psychological, it has been argued that trauma attaches to the perpetrator of an atrocity as well as to the victim. This idea resonates deeply with Australian fiction, which often takes place in a landscape that bears witness to atrocity; in many cases, the land itself is made to remember our atrocities so that we don’t have to. As Tony Birch pointed out in an interview published at Overland, this is a cheap trick: actual atrocities are committed by people, and the evocation of a haunted landscape severs the chain of human accountability.
The town’s disappearance is not only a result of its insignificance, but can be seen as an allegory for our wilful national erasures. Prescott’s use of allegorical strategy inevitably leads to questions of genre. If we understand magical realism to be a specific strategy of decolonisation, and fabulism sounds much too whimsical, then what are we left with? It may be useful to see The Town as an example of what Jeanne Delbaere-Garant called psychic realism: ‘a physical manifestation of what takes place inside the psyche.’ In this case, the psyche is collective.
Though it lacks the highbrow credibility of the various realisms, maybe weird is specific and encompassing enough. But who cares? That it is boring to discuss genre illustrates not a difficulty in categorising books but a difficulty in the categories themselves. We live in a cultural age where nothing feels new and everything is available. Disparate sampling has become the norm. The trick lies in the unique blend.
The Town allows the banality of the town to bleed into the weirdness, so that the universe tilts quickly without the mood changing. At times, the repetitions, the cumulative bitterness and the extremely deadpan tone can become wearying; I found myself taking breaks from the book. Prescott’s conceit requires a formidable amount of emotional detachment, and that lowers the reader’s investment in anything like a story; but the slow fatalism of The Town does eventually accumulate a mossy growth of sadness.
If we accept Fisher’s suggestion that the weird is always about thresholds between this world and somewhere else, The Town is strict about that ‘somewhere else’ remaining hidden. People do exit via the holes, even somewhat gleefully. But rather than being haunted by the absences of these potential Mirandas, the townspeople merely shrug and accept the loss as ordinary – so accustomed to their own mediocrity that even the extraordinary feels dull.
4.
In the third and I think least successful part of the book, ‘The Disappointing City’, Ciara and the narrator manage to leave, escaping across the mountains to the city. While the town in The Town is generic, scrubbed clean of its specificities and thus perfectly suited to allegory, the city is unavoidably recognisable as Sydney. The more connections it is possible to make with real geography, the more The Town’s symbolic power deflates. This movement to the city also renders the characters’ struggles to figure out their town’s meaning less interesting. In the city there’s no requirement to define the character of the place, to make it stand for something. Its significance is assumed, and therefore irrelevant.
The narrator abandons his book, and Ciara abandons her tapes. The discovery of a book in the library that tells the story of the town fifty years ago, ending on an optimistic note about the train station being opened, is another hauntological moment: we yearn for the promised future that has vanished from under our noses.
The printed book is as much dead technology as the cassette tape, as much an artefact of its time, and just as subcultural. The book and the cassette tape are anachronistic objects, so their abandonment seems no great loss. When the shimmer is breached, the narrator loses interest in his project, and the weirdness loses some of its power. In the third part of The Town, the references to familiar places – familiar to me at least – become distracting. The game changes from an episodic, cumulative investigation of concepts and characters, and becomes about figuring something out. It punctures its own conceit, and to some extent deflates it. It is a self-destructive impulse, and one that I suppose is worthy of a resident of the town.
The Town is a book that undermines itself, and that too seems to be part of Prescott’s game. In the same way as metafictional awkwardness excuses its own pretensions by pointing them out first, the closing scene, in which the narrator witnesses an Anzac Day parade and wonders if he will ever find a place he belongs, seems to tremble with a sense of its own disappointing sincerity before it disappears into the shimmer.
The Town offers an experience of profound estrangement, not only from place and landscape, identity and community, but from reading a book, and perhaps even from meaning itself. Prescott is commendably unafraid to wander in among the tangled paradoxes Murnane has left lying in the field for him, and to kick them apart in his search for meaning, even if that leaves him with nothing left to kick except himself.
5.
There’s a line of Margaret Atwood’s that I keep handy, from her stirring obituary of Doris Lessing: ‘When the wheel spins, it’s on the edges that the sparks fly.’ Just as I am regularly asked to speak about a ‘sense of place,’ I find that I am often called to defend the intellectual contributions and unique voices of Australians from regional areas, among other alleged outsiders. Atwood’s line reminds me of something I learned as a child: that to be outside the centre, to be considered weird, is not a disadvantage but a lively source of power.
As Australia’s population becomes more urbanised and our political discourse increasingly monotonous, it is always a thrill to discover writers who offer something that feels genuinely strange. Prescott’s skill lies not in turning away from the usual portrayals of regional Australia, but in turning toward them from his own unique direction. The Town digs at the foundations of authenticity, culture and identity, revealing (and possibly contributing to) dangerous levels of subsidence. It is an unusual and unashamedly intellectual novel, but it does not take itself too seriously. Now that Prescott’s work has been unearthed for a general audience, I sincerely hope that he keeps digging, and does not disappear. - Jennifer Mills, Sydney Review of Books

“The tone of the story is sustained and mesmeric, as it examines the unthinking rituals of our everyday lives, and our complex relationships with the past. It’s also very funny.”
Mandy Sayer, The Australian

Jorge Luis Borges always wanted to write an impossible book. For a long time, he thought it should be possible to pen a mystery novel that ends with the central character coming to a conclusion that the audience themselves reject – that, by the end of a hundred pages say, the novel’s erstwhile, chain-smoking detective could incorrectly decide that the butler did it, prompting the reader to go back and start the whole book from the beginning, searching for their own answers.
And Borges thought he could provide them, too. He thought he could write a book in which the real killer is obscured but not hidden; hard – but crucially, not impossible – to find. Reading is its own form of detective work after all, and Borges thought he could make his audience active participants in the drama.
But Borges was wrong. Or if not strictly wrong, then perhaps dedicated to an inherently unachievable task: after years of trying, he found himself forced to abandon the effort. He could just find no way to subtly imply to the reader that they should doubt the central hero; no way to stop them from reaching the disappointing, obviously incorrect conclusion, and feeling less ready to solve their own mystery and more ready to hurl the book across the room. And so the idea remained theoretical; a kind of self-defeating artistic feat to be contemplated but never written down.
Shaun Prescott’s The Town is full of such impossible books. The most important one, the writing of which takes up the bulk of Prescott’s novel, is a non-fiction account of disappearing towns around the Central West of New South Wales. Its author, The Town’s measured, seemingly unflappable anonymous narrator, wants to end the work with a scene that might “truly horrify people” – with an image of “a crisp green grass plain” full of “naked people being flayed by a cloaked figure.”
This, he feels, is the only way to “reflect my vague notion that the disappearing towns of the Central West of New South Wales needed to be as important to the reader and the world as they were to me”; a way of tying together the strange, aimless work he dictates into a small hand-held recorder, and then listens back to while packing shelves at Woolworths.
Sure, the scene would be a lie; a fiction. But, having followed eight chapters worth of carefully reported, factual analysis, it would somehow become real by proxy. It would become a kind of spiritual truth, the narrator feels, able to say something about disappearing towns of the Central West of New South Wales that the facts themselves cannot.
That we never read the narrator’s book – that it remains itself an idea rather than a real world, consumable object – is kind of the point. After all, The Town is, in some ways, a novel concerned with futile artistry; with the idea that there are things that we can think but cannot do. It is a novel of musicians without audiences, and publicans without customers, and librarians trying to write books about their sadness that they well know they will never be able to complete. It is a book about impotence; about stored up potential, and how quickly it can go to waste, like the legs of a retired weightlifter turning to fat.
There is also the temptation, on first pass, to read Australia’s cultural obsession with disappearance into The Town– to see it as an examination of the way we collectively lean on the myth of white vanishing so as to assuage our genocidal guilt, and to express our discomfort living in a landscape we know has the power to actively expel us. There is the sense threaded throughout the novel that its aimless, morally unconflicted “heroes” are aliens themselves – that they have no kinship to each other, or to the burnt land they stand on. No critic has called The Town a mix between Franz Kafka and Joan Lindsay’s Picnic At Hanging Rock yet, but no-one would blink if they did.
There are also, if one is ready to look for them, clues in there to suggest Prescott’s novel is about gentrification; about the subtle disappearance of blue collar workers, and blue collar towns, and the Akira-like absorbent properties of the middle class. After all, the novel’s salt of the earth, true blue Aussie types are wind-blasted figures dragging themselves around an almost wholly deserted landscape; avatars trapped in a video game that has not been played for many years. They are, quite literally, going extinct, threatened by the nearby city they feel will engulf them.
But Prescott is not writing Borges’ impossible book, so it is ultimately futile to drag The Town for bodies, and discarded murder weapons, and clues. The Town is not about anything the way a broken shin bone is not about anything, and to reduce it to simple social commentary or criticism is to go full witch doctor, and attempt to draw auguries out of a mound of steaming entrails.
No, by the time The Town’s brutally understated conclusion rolls around, no lesson has been imparted; no great moral has been unearthed. It is a hole dug in the middle of the outback; a door that leads to nowhere. And in its artful, brutal emptiness, it is one of the very best books you will read this year. - Joseph Earp, The Brag

The Town moves with a gentle command amid the obvious reference points of Calvino, Kafka, and Abe, but it also invokes less-celebrated English-language predecessors, like the novels of Steve Erickson, and Rex Warner's The Aerodrome. In the manner of Erickson and Warner, Prescott seeks the universal in a meticulous paraphrase of the here and now, and finds the dislocation hiding in locality, to show us just how lost we really may be.” - Jonatham Lethem, author of Motherless Brooklyn and The Fortress of Solitude

“A bizarre novel—a séance for Kafka, Walser and Calvino—that tackles the ever-disappearing boundaries between youth and aging, between music and silence, the past and present. In a spry and lonely voice, Shaun Prescott has written an ominous work of absurdity.” - Catherine Lacey, author of Nobody Is Ever Missing and The Answers

“Mind-bending, often hilarious, and sometimes heart-wrenchingly sad, The Town is one of the most original and exhilarating Australian novels I’ve ever read.” - Wayne Macauley, author of Some Tests, Demons, The Cook, Caravan Story, and Blueprints for a Barbed-Wire Canoe

The Town really got under my skin. There's a deceptive lightness to Shaun Prescott's style, and so this is a book that really creeps up on the reader; all of a sudden you're swept away by, even bound to this thing that's so mournful, intense and unsettling. It will stay with me.” - Lisa McInerney, author of The Glorious Heresies

The Town reads like an underground classic it its own right, but whether it's a classic from the near past or from the near future is difficult to tell. In any case, Australia will never be quite the same again. Shaun Prescott has chipped off a bit from the withered heart of this country and held it up to the fluorescent light: the opposite of belonging to the earth is almost, but never quite belonging to The Town.” - Miles Allinson, author of Fever of Animals

“Shaun Prescott's debut novel is a dense singularity, an exploration of the idea of nowhere as the centre of the world, and a stark paean to loneliness, entropy, and marginal existence - sustained by the kind of slow, luminous prose that feels like the equivalent of staring straight into the sun.” - David Keenan, author of This Is Memorial Device

It’s telling how a novel sets up, and answers, its mysteries. I’ve always preferred the ones that don’t sacrifice plot for character or vice-versa, and instead meet somewhere in the middle. The Town, the first novel by Australian author Shaun Prescott, hits this particular sweet spot, giving us a book that’s both incredibly strange and incredibly gripping in equal measure.
The novel starts with its unnamed narrator moving to a small Australian town, where he’s stacking shelves at one of its many supermarkets and working on a book about disappearing towns in the area. He has trouble convincing the townsfolk of these places, since they no longer exist, even as the town they’re in is slowly edging towards the same fate. Alongside his research into disappearing towns, the narrator drinks beer at an empty pub, hangs out with his flatmate Rob’s girlfriend, while she distributes cassette tapes around town, rides the town’s only bus (which no one ever catches), and frets about being bashed for no reason by a townsperson he doesn’t know named Steve Sanders. The Town is a novel filled with outsiders: people who suddenly find themselves adults even though they still feel like they’re teenagers, a music scene wholly invented by a radio host who has no listeners, and a seasonal disco that inevitably turns into a huge brawl every time it’s held.
Prescott has a real skill of presenting the banality of everyday life in a way that is wholly original and strange, but his real achievement here is that each aspect of this novel is expertly balanced, and the distanced tone manages to make the story’s most bizarre aspects seem commonplace. It’s hard to imagine that we’ll get a more original Australian novel this year. - Chris Somerville, author of We Are Not The Same Anymore, Readings

I bought The Town in a bookshop in my hometown, where I was after a long time away. In that space between when a thing or a place moves from one state to another, there’s the time when it isn’t either – like on the road past my house, everything stopped being farms, but weren’t housing developments yet either.  Shifting hills of gravel, a temporary and unmemorialised landscape. Like living in indecision long enough that existing in that state is its own choice.
Shaun Prescott’s The Town is an examination of futility and avoidance, of the dangers of defining ourselves by what we are not. It explores the limits of states like youth and adulthood, city and town. Though the exact moment when one place or idea becomes another is unclear, the novel makes physical the dangers of inertia and complacency. In these divisive times, when it seems like the most important thing we can do is clearly stake out our ideological ground, what is the value of writing that explores uncertainty?
People in the town and the city both define themselves by not being of the other. Complacency is dangerous; unwilling to shift from the town, because of a belief in its value, though no-one is sure where that stems from, residents and buildings disappear into the holes that start to appear everywhere. It’s unclear where they lead, if anywhere, but people do not return. The town is minimally populated with characters who don’t care for much outside of their immediate surroundings, and wouldn’t bother to leave, even if it means they might disappear too.
Initially a book about writing a book about the disappearing towns of Central West NSW, this premise narrows in scope to just being about the town the narrator is in, and then escapes as it’s swallowed by holes. The banal details and tone mean that even when holes appear, it all seems plausible and unsurprising. A kind of a tension between nonfiction and fiction.
The town is both vague and specific. Residents unmoored from meaning-making structures like family cling to what’s reliable, like new catalogue day at the supermarkets. One protests that the town can’t be in danger because the supermarkets are still operating as normal.
I knew for a fact that in a fortnight the Woolworths was planning on rolling out a two for $3 sale on Sanitarium muesli bar packs, and so perhaps it was true that the entire premises were unlikely to disappear.
There’s a small pleasure in seeing the minutiae of Australian life reflected in a book, when the kinds of books we’re used to reading that grapple with big ideas are set so distantly it’s hard to imagine how exactly those ideas fit into this landscape.
The book’s narrator is met with resistance in both locations – he’s obviously not a part of the town, and becomes a target for bashing by locals, but once he comes to the city, they say he’s not the type cut out to live there and should head out to the country. Young people are not yet of the town completely but once they start to care about Anzac Day and the town’s day they’ll become a part of it, stop digging for weird relics of the past or some deeper significance in the suburbs.
Prescott says it’s not a nostalgic book, but there’s a nostalgic quality to anything about the ephemerality of place and experience. There’s a musical preoccupation to the work – ‘If only I could make music about the town instead of writing about it’ – and you get the sense that Prescott is grappling with the limitations of the form. This, though, has the advantage of being able to designate the intended effect of described music for the reader: ‘It was sad, but not for any graspable reasons. It felt like an absence, but a warm, preferable absence. It did not mean anything at all.’
The narrator’s most significant interactions are with a local radio host who receives boxes of tapes without discernible origin, who broadcasts them to no listeners. The invented histories of the bands she describes are indistinguishable from the real thing.
It was all already decided for us, she always said, and when I asked who exactly made the decisions and what the decisions were, she pointed to the town, and then told me I should listen to more of the cassette tapes.
Like everything else in the town, it’s an exercise in futility. Writing about music, like writing about the sensation of a place, is an attempt to capture something vague and not concrete. Prescott’s narrator is documenting small-town life by documenting trying to capture it.
Physical borders are unclear, like the increasingly vague demarcation between youth and adulthood – different life states that bleed into each other, while the suburbs extend out further in sprawl, until it’s not clear where one place starts and another finishes. ‘Neither of us knew how it would happen – whether the threshold of the city would be marked in any way.’  The novel sits in a liminal zone, not quite one thing, not quite another. - Alex Gerrans, Overland

In his debut novel, The Town, Shaun Prescott uses rural Australia as his blank canvas. His narrator arrives in an unnamed, featureless town in the Central West of New South Wales, with the intention of writing a book – already titled The Disappearing Towns of the Central West. The narrator’s ‘book’ is an attempt to find a larger meaning in the disappearance of these towns – to pluck art out of oblivion.
Instead, what the narrator finds is a series of pointless repeating motions: a publican opens each day, and serves no customers; a bus driver has no passengers, but drives the route daily, waiting at each stop for exactly ten seconds. It’s the monotony of the mundane, made pointedly ridiculous: “The people in the town lived as if they would never die, but they were not heroic or foolish like in books and music. They were only there.”
Nothing arrives to shake the townspeople out of their monotony – which is to say, something does arrive, but it doesn’t wake the sleepwalkers. The town ambles on, and remains featureless. The Town’s metafictional plot, such as it is, threatens to do the same. Its language is its landscape and you are soon part of a strange, wandering struggle for meaning that becomes essential to you.
French anthropologist Marc Augé coined the term ‘non-place’ to refer to spaces where human beings meet but remain disconnected – think an airport terminal, or a shopping mall. ‘The town’ is a non-place, and in this social void the narrator’s own neuroses are magnified: “At times when it was impossible to avoid coming into direct contact with Rob we would talk about our plans for the weekend, even if it was Tuesday.”
Like the publican and the bus driver, the narrator soon becomes trapped in his own pointless task of writing a book. What began as an act of self-assertion – a bid to leave a permanent mark, his name on the cover of a book – becomes something much more like survival. Not writing a book, the narrator says, “would render my whole existence pointless”.
The Town is a book about annihilation: not the explosive, memorable kind, but its exact opposite – the annihilation that comes from fading away. When Donald Horne wrote his nation-defining work The Lucky Country back in 1964 he was concerned with the increasing homogeneity of culture across Australia. Horne saw that outback Australian towns were becoming cultural figments: “the mythic landscapes of the writers and painters”.
Shaun Prescott comes at this idea from a different angle: his concern is the effect that homogeneity has on the soul. The narrator strives and fails and strives again to complete his book, the task continuous and circuitous and desperate. Is anonymity the same thing as oblivion?
Gerald Murnane’s 1982 masterpiece, The Plains, seems another obvious reference point for Prescott’s work in The Town. The Plains depicted an infinity of emptiness, an almost brutal brightness where some kind of mystery resided and resisted being defined.
Reading The Town, I was reminded of sign I saw in a front garden in Hay, a town of 3,000 in the Riverina. In bold letters it proclaimed: “On this exact spot, in 1936, nothing happened.” I can’t remember the name of street where I saw the sign, and nor can I remember what year I saw it.
The Town’s narrator is neurotic, perhaps; or maybe he’s just more conscious than the rest of us of the meaninglessness of most of ordinary life, and is rightly disturbed at those left lost in the margins.

Shaun Prescott’s debut novel is a story of absences, holes and disappearings. An unnamed narrator arrives in an unnamed town in the central west of New South Wales. As he works on a book about the disappearing towns of the region, the narrator uncovers the lives of townspeople who, though they don’t seem to especially like the town, are convinced that the ratio of happiness to wretchedness is the same everywhere, even in the city. Before long, holes start to emerge: the town is literally disappearing. The Town is the second book published by the Lifted Brow. It adopts a very Australian kind of magic realism to ask questions about culture and belonging in a country estranged from its past. The Town is understated but compelling; the narrator’s deadpan voice recalls the lone existentialist figures of Sartre’s Nausea and Camus’ The Outsider, but contrasts this with a dream logic reminiscent of Twin Peaks. This is hypnotic literary fiction for readers who make as much meaning from a McDonald’s car park as the Sydney Harbour Bridge. - Sarah Farquharson, Books+Publishing

If the point of good writing is to put into words that which has not been said before, Shaun Prescott’s The Town surely qualifies. The novel’s nameless protagonist is undergoing the task of writing a book about the phenomenon where towns are literally disappearing from regional NSW. Stuck in a town which closely resembles the towns said to disappear, the protagonist quickly takes on the qualities of his surroundings: lonely, caught in routine for the sake of it, and seemingly without a past. He spends his days meeting worn-out locals with absurd backstories. There’s the broadcaster who operates a radio station nobody listens to, the retired musician who drives a bus nobody boards, and the perpetually unemployed wanderer who wanders around with a CV in hand, forever doomed to an extended adolescence spent looking for a job position which does not exist – it’s a bit like if Tim Winton had a crack at writing an episode of Welcome To Night Vale.
With a straightforward yet magnetic sense of style, Prescott takes the literarily well-worn landscape of the isolated Australian town and draws out its familiar desolation to a slow-burn existential anguish that recalls both Kafka and more modern chroniclers of the absurd, like Delillo or Pynchon. If this all sounds a little heavy, Prescott keeps the angst at arms-length with a deadpan wit as he portraits the idiosyncrasies of the town’s tragicomic inhabitants. It’s a damning interrogation of what happens to a place when it forces its citizens into rituals hoping to make meaning from nothing, but it’s never didactic, and always entertaining.
The Town is the second novel published by The Lifted Brow’s press, and makes good on the promise for weird and thoughtful Australian writing. In it’s own dreamy, unreal way, it’s one of the few recent Australian novels that feels like an authentic depiction, rather than propaganda. For this reason, it’s essential for anyone looking for good local reading material. - Cameron Colwell, Grapeshot Magazine

“Shaun Prescott’s début novel shares obvious conceptual territory with the fiction of Franz Kafka and Gerald Murnane” - Shannon Burns, Australian Book Review


The sense of some deeply melancholic encounter haunts the pages of Australian writer Shaun Prescott’s winningly glum debut novel, aided by elegiac musings on belonging and estrangement, growth and decay, places and voids, portals and dead-ends. An unnamed writer arrives in an unnamed town, rents a room, finds a congenial cafe and a tolerable pub, and starts to write a treatise on “the disappearing towns of the Central West of New South Wales”. Like much about this simultaneously realist and absurdist novel, that word “disappearing” hovers at the line between the figurative and the literal. Are these towns merely in decline or are they literally vanishing? Both, it would seem, and before long, circumstances suggest that the one the writer has settled in is itself disappearing. He adjusts his focus accordingly, chronicling the local process of entropy as it unfolds around him, in ways that range from the banal to the apocalyptic.
At the realist level, The Town scrupulously catalogues the physical desolation of places that have lost whatever purpose they once had but drift on out of habit, an enervating dreck of shopping plazas, petrol stations, ring roads, littered parks and fast food chains. And as the writer gets to know various individuals around town, so this desolation begins to acquire a human face.
Almost all these characters are studies in failure of one kind or another. There’s Tom, the ex-musician who drives the town bus on which nobody ever travels. There’s dim, truculent, small-minded Jenny, who runs the failing pub. There’s the xenophobic town bully, Steve Sanders, rumoured to be spoiling for a fight with the writer. There’s Rick, who seeks nothing loftier than a job at a supermarket but gradually surrenders to bong-induced lassitude. There are crowds of nameless teens and townsfolk who spend their days getting drunk and stoned and then brawling or vandalising the place.
The one possible exception to the general haplessness is Ciara, a DJ at the community radio station (which of course no one listens to), who at least has yearnings for a more vivid existence, and whose job opens up an interesting theme of music as a conduit to richer realities. She and the writer strike up an ambiguous friendship that provides some tension, though in keeping with the book’s fastidiously low-key affect, it doesn’t go anywhere decisive.
A gentle, deadpan comedy of listlessness prevails. Everything partakes in it. People get drunk till they reach a state of “aggressive sadness”. Houses are mysteriously abandoned. Businesses downsize and close. The town starts to resemble “a depressed country [music] festival suspended in a 2am lull”. The prose itself mimics the general sense of dwindled options: “Usually I ate boiled spiral pasta with grated zucchini and mushrooms. Sometimes I would also add cheese.”
Occasionally someone tries to leave, and it’s here that the book’s absurdist DNA starts to reveal itself. There’s a station, but trains no longer stop there, and most of the roads that ought to lead out in fact end in cul-de-sacs. A forbidding shimmer lurks on the horizon. Technically it’s still possible to drive off, so we’re not quite in the realm of The Prisoner or The Truman Show, but most attempts end in failure. The people making them are struck by terrible misfortunes or else, as in Sartre’s Huis Clos, they open the doors of their respective hells only to find they can’t summon the will to step out.
As the metaphysical weather darkens, so this state of inertia extends not only through space but also through time. The town may have seen better days, but suddenly no one can remember them – or indeed anything else about its history. The narrator realises that he, too, is beginning to forget where he came from: “I tried to trace the highways east and west of the town in my mind, but my memory faltered at the shimmer.” And not just the past but the future – all eternity – seems threatened by the encroaching paralysis. As Sanders, the bully, declares in a splendidly bizarre scene in which he materialises in quadruplicate: “This is how things are going to be from now on. This is how they’re going to stay. History can end, you know. It doesn’t have to keep going … ”
These tropes may not be entirely original, but they’re executed with a mixture of conviction and laconic humour that gives them a fresh appeal. At one point holes start appearing all over town, some small, some enormous. People, buildings, whole blocks disappear into their seemingly bottomless depths. The fabric of reality itself appears to be eroding, but the townsfolk carry on doggedly, remarking “It’s not your typical hole” or at best “It’s probably an environmental disaster”, while municipal workers put up tape and boards, and the police mount “infrequent” patrols around them. The muted reaction captures the diminished scope of the human imagination – its hopeless inadequacy in the face of imminent extinction – with painful wit.
Do these ideas catch fire, dramatically, in the way the best speculative fiction does? Perhaps not quite – the human element is a little thin, even allowing for the fact that the book is partly a portrayal of societal enfeeblement. But it’s an engaging, provoking novel nevertheless, intelligently alive to its own metaphorical possibilities, and leaving behind a powerful vision of the world ending, not with a bang, but a whimper. - James Lasdun
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/aug/15/the-town-by-sean-prescott-review




Small Town Boy: An Interview With Author Shaun Prescott - The Quietus


The unnamed town at the heart of Shaun Prescott’s debut novel is a nondescript place, filled with shopping malls and petrol stations, supermarkets and parking lots. It is surrounded by “tentacle roads”, patrolled by a bus that no one ever boards. There’s a radio station with no listeners, and a pub with no customers. A highway leads out of the town, but when the narrator – also unnamed – walks down it, the outside world appears unreachable. “It was only possible to see the full extent of the town if you spent many years there,” he notes. “Only then could you see the barriers shimmer at its edges, and know what the edges meant.”
Nothing ever happens in this town, people tell the narrator, who is a writer researching vanishing settlements. They can’t understand why he is trying to write a book about it. At first, we don’t really understand, either – but underneath, a weird underbelly is lurking.


The Town was published in Australia by small press Brow Books to great acclaim, and is now published in the UK by Faber. In person, Prescott is polite and unassuming, exactly as you’d imagine an author whose first novel was published by a not-for-profit small press. He’s softly spoken and has not given many interviews. “I’m really bad at talking, which is why I write. I’m fairly inarticulate in speech,” he says.
His novel, however, is being touted as an “uncanny masterpiece” and “a stunning reincarnation of the existentialist novel”. Another review declares: “This novel signals its author as someone who understands what literature is for.” (Good lord, I think.) Comparisons have been drawn with Calvino and Kafka, Borges and Márquez. How does that feel?
“It’s pretty weird,” he laughs. “I don’t think that people are saying that I am as good as them or anything like that. Kafka is my favourite writer. The Castle is undeniably a blueprint for me. Every longer novel that I have tried to write has always started with the arrival of someone in a town. Who is doing it and why has varied dramatically, but that novel had a huge effect on me. I’m happy that people recognise that I am in love with Kafka. It’s true.”
Prescott grew up in Manildra (population: 485) in New South Wales (like his novel’s nameless town). He was the first person in his family to go to university, and studied journalism. He worked for a music magazine and now writes about video games, commuting into Sydney from his house in the Blue Mountains a few days a week. Despite no longer living in Manildra, the town still loomed large in his imagination.
“I always desperately wanted to leave, as teenagers often do,” he says. But his dreams still take him back.
The town is identifiably Australian, but in another sense it is an everytown with which many of us can identify. It’s what the cultural theorist Mark Fisher might have called “boring dystopia” – a place embodying the banal melancholy of late capitalism, culturally flattened and emptied of history. Yet the concerns underpinning the narrative are specifically Australian.
“I was interested, on the one hand, in myself and the obscurity of my family tree,” explains Prescott. “I don’t actually know who I am in terms of the nationalities that are in my blood. That holds true for most of the settler cultures in Australia. Everyone wants to be Australian, but no one really knows what that is. And the truth of what it is nowadays is actually quite bleak and horrible.”
Prescott is firm when he says that he did not want The Town to be didactic. It manages not to be, while at the same time hinting at small-town ignorance and violence, the fear of the other that arguably underpins some of the resurgent white nationalism seen around the world. “All visitors were vague threats, distant and unchallenged,” the narrator notes. “Those who arrived from the city were not to be trusted, while those who arrived from further inland were suspected of possessing a more authentic claim to country life than anyone in the town.” The novel also contains a satirical streak, made more amusing by the narrator’s deadpan delivery and failure to pick up on social cues. He lives in regular terror of being “bashed” by thugs and watches the townspeople engage in petty acts of destruction: “It was a yearly ritual to destroy a bulk of the park’s facilities after the mayor’s speech, Jenny explained. After a full day of drinking in the sun, it was the only gesture that people could muster.”
It’s funny, I say. “I think it is,” Prescott agrees. “I amuse myself, anyway.” A friend’s mother threw it in the bin because she thought it was miserable, he says: “I think it might be more menacing than expected. I didn’t think it was that menacing while I was writing it. I find the narrator really funny. He’s got this cute precocious seriousness about him that I really adored inhabiting, because I’ve been there. I’m probably still there.”
The cluelessness of the narrator is amusing: in a knowing hint to authors everywhere, he keeps boring people about his book, blithely unaware that no one is interested. He is told by the town’s librarian: “Nothing of note has ever happened in this town, and by the time it does, there will no longer be any point in remembering it.”
Except, of course, it has. “To claim that nothing has happened in a town in the central west is an obvious lie. There were a lot of frontier wars and violence against Indigenous Australians,” Prescott says. “So it obviously does have a history but no one knows what it is because there is a real dearth of information about non-urban Australia.”
The country’s white nationalists, he says, are “very violently opposed to the idea that Australia could be anything but great. Potentially the frustration is born of the understanding deep down that none of that is actually true. We were born of colonial violence and genocide and there is nothing that we can really do to ever erase that.”
Prescott’s setting embodies that collision between buried trauma and the nondescript banality of small-town life, and the nature of his concerns as a writer is perhaps why his prose is lacking in that specific, fashionable austerity that is so typical of Anglo-Saxon writers.
That’s not to say Prescott’s writing is florid – it is remarkably pared back, but contains a mischievousness and imagination found in the best continental writing. Among Prescott’s favourites are Hungarian authors László Krasznahorkai, Ádám Bodor and Ágota Kristóf; he likes their willingness to banish realism. “The culture of writerly advice, particularly on social media, really makes my skin crawl,” he says. “The point of books is that you open them and anything can happen. To limit it in any way just seems counterproductive and hateful to literature.” It’s a refreshing stance. And, if this weird novel is anything to go by, one that will work out pretty well for him. - Rhiannon Lucy Cosslett  ShaunPrescott: 'Australians were born of genocide and we can't erase that'


Shaun Prescott is a writer based in the Blue Mountains in New South Wales. He has self-released several small books of fiction, including Erica From Sales and The End of Trolleys, and has been the editor of Crawlspace Magazine. His writing has appeared in The Lifted Brow, The Guardian, and Meanjin, among other places, and The Town is his debut novel.

Sher Doruff - the first in a series of novellas emerging from a writing practice that taps the cusp of consciousness between dreaming and waking. A storyline, or genealogy, tinted a shade of RGB blue, is fashioned by thinking through the felt unthought of this between space.

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Image result for Sher Doruff, Last Year at Betty and Bob's: A Novelty
Sher Doruff, Last Year at Betty and Bob's: A Novelty,  Open Humanities Press, 2017.
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Last Year at Betty and Bob’s: A Novelty is the first in a series of novellas emerging from a writing practice that taps the cusp of consciousness between dreaming and waking. A storyline, or genealogy, tinted a shade of RGB blue, is fashioned by thinking through the felt unthought of this between space. A fabulation, an anarchive of what passes through. Lucid dreaming of this type is rife with allusions to conceptual and material goings-on, manifesting in awkward imaginaries.  The dream personas are rendered as complex character amalgams with nomadic ages, sexes, genders and phenotypes. Occurrences of lived ‘fact’ elide with a hallucinatory real as speculation.   In A Novelty, Bette B, an ageing quasi-academic artist researcher, and BØB, attuned urban rodent, are palindromic variants of a generic cast of Betty’s and Bob’s. The happenstance of their meeting on the super slick POMOC affects a trans-special contagion. These are the facts of the matter. The matters that come to concern both B’s are more slippery and elusive.




Dialogue between Sher Doruff and Lucy Cotter, exploring the potential of artistic writing to open experimental new forms of enquiry:
Lucy Cotter: You are an artist, a writer and a theorist, often working in the middle ground between these various areas and currently working on a series of three novellas, the first of which, Last Year at Betty and Bob’s: A Novelty, is about be published. It seems that an increasing number of artists are searching for ways to hold open the space of writing differently. Like your novellas, these experimental writings don’t fit comfortably in academic discourse and their place in art discourse is shifting ground, but they draw on ways of thinking that come from the artistic as well as the academic. How do you personally situate your novellas in relationship to these different areas of practice and why did you turn to this form of writing?
Sher Doruff: Certainly the whole project was infected by the milieu of artistic research we both dog paddle in on a regular basis. By the agitation, frictions and, dare I say satisfactions, that praxis as research engenders. I was a latecomer to academic writing. Like many artists, I wasn’t trained in it and I tended to overcompensate for my neophyte academic status with excessive referencing and quotation, bogging down the flow of ideas percolating underneath. I found my phrasing in my published writings too dense and jargon-driven to be accessible to the potential readers I care about. I thought that a turn to fiction or fabulation could perhaps liberate the concepts that intrigue me from this quagmire of relentless positioning. I wanted to allow the speculative the breath it requires. It’s not that I disrespect academic or theoretical criteria, quite the contrary. I devour academic texts. But for my own distillation processes, I needed to try another approach. Philosophical inquiry often opens to a wafty unbounded kind of space but it can also feel like a sinkhole. I needed to find a way of having a voice again that’s not a citational voice.
LC: The early stages of your first novella were partly the product of a writing experiment that you considered a kind of artistic research process. This involved keeping an early morning journal to chronicle the oscillating field of consciousness between waking and dream life. What started this process?
SD: I began to sense a certain collusion between the activities of waking life and the nocturnal adventures of somni-life. My dreams, or what I remembered of them, were rife with allusions to conceptual and material goings-on. This stemmed from my daily engagement in material-discursive practice, among other things in my role as a supervisor to artists pursuing research at master and PhD levels. So I decided to keep a waking journal to capture whatever remained of my dreams and whatever was rapidly emerging as fresh, new day dawning thinking-feeling. I think it was waking from a lively enactment of an Agamben shadow and a Derridean ghost that got me started.
LC: In the novellas you chose to depersonalize your journal experiences through the characters of Betty an ageing quasi-academic artist researcher, and Bob, an attuned urban rodent, both of whom inhabit both sides of the animal/human spectrum in an increasingly instable way. They are part of a wider cast of characters with the same name, whose happenstance meeting brings about a trans-species contagion. The novellas can be read as a “story”, but also on a more theoretical level. They are structured in a very particular way with the protagonists, the chapters, the footnotes and so on, which sets the stage for this double function. Can you elaborate on the structure you developed and why you chose for this form?
SD: The starting points for these stories and characterizations emerged during the cusp between waking and dreaming, as I mentioned. I decided to obfuscate the question of overt subjectivity that journal writing tends to induce by writing in a gender fluid third person. This was partly inspired by my dream personas, which were also complex amalgams with wandering ages, sexes and phenotypes. After that the stories pretty much wrote themselves, which is something most writers will tell you. I never knew where the stories would go but I did have a concept for a basic structure, although it is dynamic and it’s changing already while I’m working on the second novella. That structure was that all of the characters would share the same name, they’d all be Betties and Bobs of some sort. They would also not necessarily be confined to one gender, though in the first book the rat is male and the Betty protagonist is female. There are two secondary protagonists for the first novella, Blue Betty and Blue Bob, who are homeless rat catchers in the new economy. I try not to ascribe temporality too much. There is chronology but the temporality is vague; the present is not our present, which gives the books an element of science fiction or science faction. I initially decided that there would be no footnotes, no endnotes, no end-of-text references, to use quotations modestly if at all, and to entangle any theoretical excitements and biases into character traits, situational clues and thought bubbles, which are also presented graphically.
LC: Is there anything in the final structure of the novellas that reveals the liminal state between sleeping and waking that sparked the initial writing process?
SD: The one thing I tried to keep from what we know of our dream reality is repetition. I’m not afraid of repetition and lots of times things happen and are said many different ways many times. And in this way I’m not trying to be a novelist and to write according to the craft of fiction writing. It’s a craft I don’t know for one thing. But there’s a kind of repetitiveness to things that recur with different foci, if you will, and through different characters, perceptions as well. It could be seen as a flaw but for me it’s a feature in the way these novellas are written. We find out for example that the Blue Betty who is the rat catcher in the first book was one of the original Betty protagonists who left the artist group, eventually became homeless and didn’t have anything to do with them any more. I didn’t know that Blue Betty would come back as a character in the second book. I think the primary character of Bette B. will probably return in the third book but I’m not sure how. These things happen as one writes. Maybe I can add here that I think perhaps the novellas might only be digestible as a series. There are loops and repetitions that recur, as in dreams, and that recurrence is important somehow.
LC: The repetition you mention is very much a Deleuzean repetition in the sense of it always creating difference in its gesture of return. The focus shifts with each repetition, but also you had to craft a writing structure and form to be able to capture that. This to me gets to the core of why artists might be using writing in a particular way, because artists are almost always creating the structures and the forms as they make the work. Did you find that to be true of your own work on the novellas? Has that creation of new form through writing become necessary through your journey as an artist, as a researcher, as a theorist?
SD: Yes, definitely. Undertaking this new writing process was about looking for a way to maintain a rigorous sense of discovery though a daily praxis, putting myself through questions that might be resonant with other people working under a similar umbrella of concerns. That was in 2013 and these were writings I intended for my eyes only. I was interested in artistic praxis as research, in that liminal between space of doing; an act which is not looking towards the manifestation of an artwork, a product. In the interim years the status of the writing has changed, as things do. Once there is a “product” being published for a wider audience, it takes on different intensities. Other concerns crop up that are both liberating and frightening.
LC: In your articulation of the “story” of Betty and Bob, I have the feeling you work with words and concepts as materiality. Below the surface is a kind of theorization of materiality, the concept of human and the ways in which matter converses across time and space. I wonder to what extent we can talk about how the materiality of the artistic process informs these conceptual interests.
SD: I like to imagine conceptualization as a material process. Maybe I rely too much on contemporary theory and the ubiquitous pun on matter mattering, but it makes so much sense. How things come to matter in terms of thought really convolves in the English word “mattering”. Maybe another way to put this question is how does the body mediate the work? I am interested in nonconscious touch, the filtering out of the sensation of our feet as we walk for example, the nonconsciously felt as affective. We filter out so many of the sensations that bombard us every microsecond. So it’s maybe more a concern with attention. How much I want to pay attention to the circumstances of my sitting, my standing. That’s probably palpable in the writings, although it wasn’t a conscious decision to emphasize that.
LC: What about your attention to colour? The three novellas are based on a colour scheme. The first one is blue, the second is red and the third green.
SD: I hadn’t intended colour to be a focus initially, but blue kept coming up in the first writings. I was quite clear with myself that the novellas had to be a series with repetitions that would relate book to book. I was already thinking about it being a series of three books, so it was a logical leap to red and green to make up RGB. I’ve always been interested in colour because just about every Western philosopher, and I’m sure Eastern philosophers that I’m unfamiliar with, have thought with and through colour as material and as perception. It’s discursive and it’s conceptual and certainly people like the process philosophers have thought a great deal about how we perceive colour. In the differentiation between subject and object colour ends up being a way to think about that as a non-binary.
LC: In the opening pages there are citations from artist/filmmaker Derek Jarman’s writings on blue and to Gertrude Stein’s Tender Buttons but there are also material things happening within the story line that relate to the colour. When Bette B is scraped on the cheek by the rat, the scar starts to glow in different colours, for example.
SD: Yes, it was probably unconscious in the first place, but when the scratch became a visible spectrum, that was also a cue to go further with colour. In the second book the Betties, a group of artists akin to the Gorilla Girls, label themselves according to the colours of the visible spectrum, which is the way I know I will link back to the Bette B character in the third novella. In the second book the Betty characters are all interested in the colours they choose and how they might relate to their [artistic] practices. The Black Betty character is interested in colour theory, both philosophically and scientifically. One of his projects is that he wants to rethink and disrupt the physics of colour.
LC: What about the role of images in the book? Each chapter is punctuated by images, which are in the form of graphics, with interruptive speech and thought balloons or comic-like diagrams or collages, as well as photographs of a hand holding selected found images. Can we start by talking about the collage images and the graphics in the novellas and how they relate to your wider practice?
SD: In the first novella, which is the one you’ve seen, the main protagonist finds herself sitting in a glass room in an epidemiology hospital and I wondered what someone would do in that situation, especially when their language is becoming impaired or in a changing state. I had collages that I had done years before as an attempt to parse theoretical texts with images. One of those texts was an essay by [Jacques] Rancière in The Future of the Image that reflected on the parataxis between image and text. I gathered the many different images he refers to, which included printing out hundreds of images from Godard’s film, History of Cinema and played with them, working with them and repositioning them in space over time, which gave me a different way of reading. I decided to use details of those collages as examples of what this Bette character created as an artist researcher.
LC: There are also graphic images, which are quite distinctive, such as the one referring to ZeNez.
SD: That piece was a contribution to one of the early Inflexion journals. I asked if I could do something graphic and they agreed. I did a piece called ZeNez, which is a palindrome riffing on Deleuze and the acbdaire, when he comes to the letter “z” at the end, which is also near the end of his life. He talks about the “z” as the movement of the fly, which is never in a straight line, which I always related to artistic practice, which is never going from A to B which so many scholars in the sciences and humanities might do. It really allows itself that line of flight. In that bit of the interview he also talks about how beautiful the “z” is, which reminds him of Zen and of Nez, the nose. I loved that as a palindrome.
LC: What about the many found images sourced from Wikipedia commons. What kinds of decisions were behind your inclusion of those images and how do you see them working?
SD: Those images came as part of the research process. Often in the flow of writing I write something I’m surprised by, and like anyone else, I go to Google and start to research what I’m writing about or the directions that are all of a sudden there in my text. When I started writing about rats, I really needed to research urban rats, for example. With those searches often there are associated images. Then I will research those images and put some in. Sometimes an image sparks a whole chapter. So the images balance the textual resources. I don’t know how else to say it except that it feels like they need to be there. There are far fewer images in the published book than I first intended. Half of the images could not be included in the final text for copyright reasons.
LC: Some of those images also point to phenomena that don’t have a direct relationship with the text. I’m thinking for example of a 19th-century photograph of men standing next to a pile of rats on the ground. Underneath this is a period engraving of a hunting dog in an enclosure surrounded by rats, which I assume shows a kind of sport. I connect the positionality of these images to the footnotes. For example at the end of the fourth chapter the footnotes referring to Puccini, to Kafka and to the scientific proof of rats having a singing voice confirm aspects of the main narrative, but they also point outside of it. They tell a parallel story to the text, rather than being a necessary piece of additional information in the way that a footnote might function in academic writing.
SD: I don’t remember any more, which came first. I guess that process of selecting images and researching is just part of artistic research. I looked at the Wikipedia page for Kafka and found out he died of laryngeal tuberculosis, shortly after writing “Josephine the Singer or the Mouse Folk” (1924), which I later found out through another Google search was one year before a singing mouse was discovered in Detroit. There are associations like this that have some kind of peculiar relevance to each other. I’m not going to connect the dots, I just put them there if I find them fascinating. The reader can make of it what they will. A lot of those things do fall out in the editing process. I have tons of footnote pages of interesting coincidences for the second novella at the moment. The tricky thing is to decide what is relevant for a coherent reading of the book and what isn’t. It’s a “kill your darlings” process.
LC: You talk about this process of “googling” as part of the research. As an artist one is inclined to go on the image search page at least as much as the text search page. You’re clearly also flicking from one to the other. An artist will often enter into unexpected subjects of interest through the images, whereas an academic researcher will tend to enter extraneous information through text. In the first novella at least there is an associative state of consciousness that has to do with operating in the cusp between sleeping and dreaming. But there is also a logic associated with search engines. One of the two main protagonists, Bette B, is an artist researcher. Her mind works in a way that is connected to search engines. She references thinkers and images naturally in her own mind. I wonder if this is also a manifestation of a certain kind of research that’s not normally brought to the fore within thinking processes.
SD: I think that’s precisely it, and I’m sure you recognize that process because of your own practice. When I was writing the first book, being very invested in that artistic researcher character (laughs), committing processes that that character might be doing professionally to the book seemed natural. It happens less or in a different way with these crazy Betty artists in the second novella. It’s interesting you point this out. I need to think about it more as I start to see the parts become a whole. I always knew it was important to the structure of these books that I didn’t want any reader to walk away from the first one with a complete sense of something. There’s something missing that the second book will start to fit in. It’s what I would call a forensic writing technique that will never come to a satisfying conclusion. It’s a forensic process that reveals things on an ongoing basis and makes new links that might tie in and might not. I want the reader to feel part of a journey of hyper-linking and associative thinking.
LC: Through Bob, the singing rat, and Bette, whose range of frequencies continues to expand as she changes species, there is also an ongoing reflection on sound throughout the first novella. Do you feel you are privy to these characters’ inhabitance of the world through sound because you have been a sound artist and performer? Were you consciously incorporating some of the knowledge that you have acquired through that practice that might not have found another theoretical outlet?
SD: It could have found another theoretical outlet because the sonic arts have been theorized so beautifully in the past five to ten years in relation to the debate around the sonic as material or conceptual. But I was not trying to write theoretically. Writing in an associative way, ideas come up and you take excerpts from your notebooks. They enter characters as a kind of “faction”. There’s so much personal memory and fact from my own life that’s perverted into ways in which the characters evolve. It did surprise me when I was all of a sudden writing about sound, about frequency and melisma and all sorts of things that were familiar to me from spending a chunk of my life with sound as my daily activity. Initially there wasn’t a greater purpose to it. It came through that hyper-link mindset we discussed. But when I found the article about rats having an ability to sing in a high-pitched tone and reread Kafka’s story, it was easy to resonate with those concerns because of my past experience, and this led to the Bob character. I don’t have the need to reference that directly and that’s what’s so beautiful in finding this form. That’s what’s really important to me; that it draws from experience in a way that doesn’t require this extra citation.
LC: The theoretical underpinning of the writings reveals itself at different moments, ranging from these graphic or explicit textual references to subtle undertones in referring to apparently simple notions like matter, holes or becoming animal, which are philosophical concepts in their own right. The subtitles of the novellas are also concepts from [Alfred North] Whitehead, which some readers with a background in philosophy or cultural theory will pick up on. I imagine the subtitles also signal that this work can be approached through this lens.
SD: Yes, and for me that signalling is sufficient. The philosophers I reference directly within the text also tend not to be those I have the most expertise with. Thinkers like Wittgenstein and Derrida come up, whose work I have a very limited knowledge of, but I follow a path and see where it goes. The subtitles are all generated from Whiteheadian concepts: A Novelty, An Adventure, An Actual Occasion. I should add the disclaimer though that the third novella of the trilogy is yet to be written. I think I only quote Whitehead once, in the second book. I don’t reference him much otherwise. I thought the broad stroke of having Whitehead’s concepts in the subtitles would rather set a stage.
LC: I was recently at a talk by Teju Cole who commented that, moving from art writing into literary writing, he found literature’s distinction between fiction and non-fiction odd. He pointed out that it’s not at all a natural way of splitting up experience, just as we don’t go around an art museum looking for fictional or non-fictional artworks. In fact it’s also relatively recent in literature for this distinction to be made. Has the writing’s relationship to fiction or non-fiction also been of relevance to you?
SD: When I began working on Last Year at Betty and Bob’s: A Novelty, I thought perhaps it fell into the category of “speculative fiction” a category that seemed a redundant misnomer to me at the time. Isn’t fiction always already speculative? Maybe “faction” is a better container but then do we need categorical containers at all? I am a lifelong reader of literature but have been mostly reading non-fiction philosophical and theoretical texts since the millennium turn. But the usual suspect writers have made significant impressions on me. Beckett, Woolf, Proust. Gertrude Stein’s writing experiments have probably been the most sustained artistic influences of my life. Perhaps it’s why I have chosen fictive writing now, rather than say, sound or music experimentation, as a means of expression, as I did earlier in my practice. Part of the process of writing the second novella this year has also been to allow myself to luxuriate in reading fiction again.
LC: Fiction writers are the most experimental with form, but your first novella will be published by Open Humanities Press, who normally specialize in critical and cultural theory. Certainly one of the things I found so striking in the first novella is that by, for example, coming up with a hallucinatory rat drinking Spiritus, who takes up a particular practice of skidding along a shiny surface, you have opened up a space for new theoretical possibilities. I imagine they embraced the experimental investigation going on within this work, which draws so much on material and practice-based knowledge as well as theory.
SD: I think the editors of the Immediations series read it as an experiment, something that might move towards opening a new genre. It makes me a bit nervous when it’s read as theory. That was not my purpose. If I had a purpose at all it was to escape the confines of theory and philosophical writing, as I mentioned. I do think it opens up a space for new theoretical possibilities, but it also probably opens up a huge space for critique because that anthropomorphic gesture is going to put a lot of people off. [laughs] Or at least it will focus critique in a particular vein that I’m well aware of. I often overthink what I’ve written, but I’m trying to liberate myself from that tendency, so that my characters can have more valence in their voices than just my own world views.
LC: Isn’t that part of reclaiming the freedom you have as an artist?
SD: Of course, that’s part of the pleasure in it and one of the reasons I find it important. I expect full-blooded critique, as the novellas don’t easily slot into an existing genre, either in art or in humanities discourse. They are an experiment.
https://www.mahkuscript.com/articles/10.5334/mjfar.24/














Sher Doruff (Chicago, 1950) is an artist-researcher, writer and theorist who is currently authoring a trilogy of artist’s novellas. The first, entitled Last Year at Betty and Bob’s: A Novelty is forthcoming with Open Humanities Press. She holds a PhD from the University of the Arts London/Central Saint Martins for a dissertation entitled The Translocal Event and the Polyrhythmic Diagram (2006) investigating the role of collaborative interplay and creative processes in networked performance practice. She was Head of the Research Program at Waag Society in Amsterdam (2005–2007) and Creative Director of the Sensing Presence/Connected: Live Art project (2002–2005). She teaches at in the Master of Choreography programme (2002–present) at DAS Graduate School and coordinates the THIRD cohort of artists pursuing PhD’s in the Performing Arts as well as the Gerrit Rietveld Academy PhD research group (2011–present). Doruff has published internationally and is co-editor of the Experimental Practices series with Manuela Rossini, forthcoming with Brill.







Paolo Volponi - He splits the language the way scientists split the atom to create the nuclear weapons he is so paranoid about. On many occasions his rants and diatribes transform into something reminiscent of automatic writing or W. Burroughs’ cut-ups: incompatible concepts are put together, familiar phrases are divested of their usual meanings, syntactic relations are disrupted

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Paolo Volponi, The Worldwide Machine: a novel, Grossman Publishers, 1967.


The essay-novel, or the novel of introspection or symbolic action, has only recently caught on in Italy. Moravia is sexually oriented, the interests of Silone and Vittorini are basically social, and all three employ a more or less realistic immediacy. Paolo Volponi's The World Wide Machine, on the other hand, is closer to Musil and Kafka, to dehydrated prose, indirect representation, and allegorical issues. The first person narrator here exists in the closed world of his own mind, coolly spinning an abstract meditation on the evolutionary drive of the future and the bourgeois olly of the present. For Anteo Crocioni, ""reality has only two terms: man and science."" He is the obsessed utopian, the philosophical scientist without an accomodating bone in his body, the historical martyr whose fancy it is ""that men have been built in the likeness of a machine by other beings who...are also machines, and that man's true destiny is to build other machines which will be better than man."" So he continues his improbable designs, his only friend a gentle priest with whom he debates the nature of life, while his wife is driven to infanticide, and he himself dies a suicide, though still secure in his faith. An elliptical, highly suggestive work, no doubt a parody of the scientific method, and a cautionary reflection on progress. - Kirkus Reviews


Paolo Volponi, The Javelin Thrower, Translated by Richard Dixon, The University of Chicago Press, 2018.


As a boy growing up in rural Italy in the 1930s, Damìn is experiencing the first stirrings of adolescence when he accidentally sees his mother having sex with the local Fascist commandant. His pain, anger, and confusion are uncomfortably intertwined with a compulsion to watch them, which becomes an obsession.
Isolating himself from anyone who might help him understand what he’s feeling, he channels his fury into his javelin, getting better and better until he is a local champion. But his success is fleeting, as wholly confused and caught up in his own anger, he ends up betraying and humiliating his friends. The Javelin Thrower is the story of an erotic education turned tragic, poisoned by the darkness running through Mussolini’s Italy.


“A portrait of a troubled adolescent boy, Damìn, which is the most memorable of all such portraits since J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye.
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Paolo Volponi, Last Act in Urbino, Trans. by Peter N. Pedroni, Italica Press, 2016. 


When terrorist bombs explode in a bank in Milan on December 12, 1969 they raise the curtain on a cast of unlikely players. Prof. Gaspare Subissoni and his lifelong companion and inspiration, Vivés, are both anarchist veterans of the Spanish Civil War trying to retain their dignity, and their commitments in the face of a new age. The young Count Oddo Oddi-Semproni and his two unmarried aunts, Clelia and Marzia, who have protected him — and themselves — hide from the modern world in their crumbling Renaissance palace. Their chauffeur Giocondini serves them — and himself — with limousine tours to "Italy" and with overwrought dreams of a revived Duchy. But then the young prostitute Dirce — whom Oddo would have as his countess — sets all their worlds upside-down when she, Gaspare and Vivés join forces for one final act. This satire of Italian social and political contrasts uses a wry wit and keen sense of detail to ask what, ultimately, is more real: the images of distant conflicts, allegiances and celebrities that flicker on and off the TV screen? Or the loves, memories, and loyalties of a single lifetime?


Set in the late 1960s and steeped in Italian scenery, food and drink, this period drama is as stiff and stagy as any passion play. Volponi (1924-1994), who garnered international acclaim for his 1949 novel My Troubles Began, was one of Italy's literary luminaries, a two-time recipient of the Premio Strega book award. This is the first English translation of a 1975 work in which the author's hometown serves as the setting for national events. The characters are caricatures: The tyrannical remnant of local Renaissance royalty, Count Oddo Oddi-Semproni, and his sweet-natured whore, Dirce, are countered by the bandy-legged anarchist Professor Gaspare Subissoni and ``his woman,'' Vives, a tragically stoic Spanish revolutionary and the book's most resonant soul. All are set in motion by the television--a dour main character--when it broadcasts news of terrorist bombings in Milan. It's a Calvino-esque picture of modernity enthralled by technology, one that argues for decentralized government and personal freedom with an impressive eye for detail. Whether the pervasively obtuse syntax and strange language (a passage on Oddo's beard reads, ``The young man's down sparkled with satisfaction, dense like the subject of a Bronzino portrait'') are the faults of the translation or the original, there is something at odds between Volponi's powerfully incisive sensibility and the simple, at times silly, drama. - Publishers Weekly


From the late prize-winning Italian author Volponi (The Worldwide Machine, 1967, etc.), the first English translation of a novel written in 1974: a rich blend of political commentary and sexual farce set in 1969 Urbino. Chapters alternate between the story of aging anarchist lovers, Gaspare Subissoni and VivÇs Guardajal, and the young, naive, self-centered Count Oddo Oddi-Semproni, the darling of his two maiden aunts and the envy of his conniving chauffeur, Giocondini. After the terrorist bombing of a bank in Milan, the ailing VivÇs wants to go to Milan to seek out the truth behind the bombing and the subsequent arrest of an anarchist, but she dies before she can go. Meanwhile, the isolated Oddi-Sempronis are watching the bombing reports play out on TV and planning their various day trips with the help of Giocondini. The ambitious chauffeur wants Urbino to become an independent duchy with Count Oddo installed as the nominal overlord, while he, Giocondini, will wield the real power. A hilarious sequence ensues when the aunts dispatch Giocondini on a mission to make Oddo a man: At the first brothel, the priapic and well-endowed Oddo wows the adoring prostitutes and, in revenge, the offended Giocondini takes him to a decrepit brothel where Oddo encounters the love of his life, the maid Dirce, whom he brings back to the palace. But Dirce is unhappy and runs away, eventually taking refuge with the now-widowed Subissoni. As the search for the runaway bride commences, Giocondini believes his crafty plans will mesh with Subissoni's own wishes for an independent Urbino; instead the plot takes a surprising turn and ends on a tragic note. The politically complex- -and philosophy-laden--Subissoni narrative takes on a new power after VivÇs's death: The chapter detailing her cremation and Subissoni's utter loneliness is chilling and moving. Meanwhile, the dim-witted count and his family, described with amused irony, provide a droll counterpoint to the intensity of the anarchists' plotline. Demanding but ultimately rewarding fiction. - Kirkus Reviews


...a novel that skillfully interweaves past and present, upper and lower social classes, and devotion of both personal and ideological natures into a tapestry set in the picturesque and vibrant northern Italian city of Urbino.... an excellent novel that provides insight into the paradoxes of modern society. - Bowling Green Daily News


The novel is rich in poetic nuances and surrealistic flashes that transform political ideology into a personal struggle for identity. The translation captures Volponi’s impeccable style, a literary finesse that makes his writing outstanding and, in many ways, unique. All collections.  -Choice


Last Act in Urbino was written two decades ago. As the current governmental crisis has illustrated, Volponi’s novel is prophetic. - L’Italo-Americano


The translation...maintains the musicality and feeling of Volponi’s writing while remaining as expressive in English as the original is in Italian. Last Act is concurrently touching and bitingly sarcastic and entices the reader into the lives of the novel’s characters by presenting them each in varying degrees of sympathy and acrimony. - VIA


Image result for Paolo Volponi, My Troubles Began
Paolo Volponi, My Troubles Began, Grossman Publishers, 1964.








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Paolo Volponi, Corporale


I bought Paolo Volponi’s novel in Rome as a souvenir during my brief stay in that incredibly beautiful city this July. I gave it preference over the selfie sticks, cheap Colosseum replicas, and t-shirts with provocative slogans. Corporal has a reputation of a difficult book, and when it is mentioned in different overviews of modern Italian literature the word “experimental” is invariably attached to it. Alberto Moravia held this work in high regard, writing that “Corporal is an almost impressionistic recovery of magma in which a man incapable of relations with the world moves, and here emerges the extraordinary quality of Volponi as a writer”. These words have become the staple blurb for the novel which is rarely read, has not been widely translated (there is only French translation to the best of my knowledge), and has a nasty habit of regularly going out of print. Now that I’ve read it, I can confidently say that we’re dealing with a literary treasure that is due to various reasons is not treasured at all these days. Corporal is a stylistic gem, a profound exploration of an anxiety-ridden consciousness in the atomic age as well as a skilfully designed and orchestrated narrative that rewards a patient and attentive reader.
The general mood is set from the outset by the epigraph, which is taken from Elsa Morante’s essay Pro o contro la bomba atomica (For or Against the Atomic Bomb):
Our bomb is the flower, or rather the natural expression of our contemporary society, just like Plato’s dialogues are of the Greek city; the Colosseum – of the Imperial Romans; Raphael’s Madonnas – of Italian Humanism; gondolas – of Venetian nobility; tarantella – of some southern rural populaces;  and the extermination camps – of petit-bourgeois bureaucratic culture already infected with a rage of atomic suicide.
That is a very powerful passage, but, if the reader expects Volponi’s novel to be just one of the numerous post-Cuban-Missile-Crisis nuclear-holocaust ephemera, they couldn’t be wider off the mark. Although the topic of nuclear destruction is prominent in this book, it is just one of the several motifs which are explored in painstaking detail via the disturbed and distorted consciousness of the main character Gerolamo Aspri.
Aspri’s stream of consciousness to which we are exposed from the very first page is bound to disorient and exasperate even the most seasoned readers of experimental fiction. My personal impression when reading the book was akin to watching a David Lynch movie: extremely preposterous actions were carried out and utterly absurd and illogical statements were made with such an air as if all the violations of common sense were the most mundane occurrences not worth any second thought. The main character of Corporal most probably suffers from a mental disorder.  His narration is erratic, jumpy and volatile. He tends to fuse reality and hallucinations to such a degree that it is almost impossible to tell which is which. He splits the language the way scientists split the atom to create the nuclear weapons he is so paranoid about. On many occasions  his rants and diatribes transform into something reminiscent of automatic writing or William Burroughs’ cut-ups: incompatible concepts are put together, familiar phrases are divested of their usual meanings, syntactic relations are disrupted, all this to create an alienating effect. That being said, it is not that difficult to follow the general plot of the novel, and although some of the reasons for the characters’ actions remain vague, we are never completely in the dark as to what happens.
The first part of the novel is narrated in the first person by Gerolamo Aspri. When we first meet him, he is on vacation in Rimini with his wife and two kids. As we learn later, he is currently employed as a school teacher with an Italian Communist Party membership and a managerial post at a factory left forever behind. He takes long walks along the beach, inspecting the place where a murder has been recently committed. He is morbidly obsessed with the unknown perpetrator. This fascination is as strong as his another obsession: an erotic longing for a teenage girl called Ivana whom he meets on the same beach. Eros and Thanatos are Aspri’s faithful companions wherever he goes, and their most sublime embodiment seems to be the hydrogen bomb whose explosion he expects with a mixture of horror and excitement.
Aspri’s infatuation with Ivana is never destined to consummate because of a devastating tornado that strikes the beach. She and her boyfriend are riding in a paddle boat when this happens. The drowned boy’s body is recovered later, whereas Ivana is never found. Distraught and heartbroken, Aspri moves on. He will be meeting more people, and doing things one hardly expects from a school teacher. An overheard conversation about a lawyer and art seller from Urbino who is rumoured to have killed his son refuels Aspri’s obsession with the mysterious murderer: he superimposes his image with that of the man mentioned  by the speakers. Equipped with the knowledge that the possible perpetrator’s last name ends with “ati”, Gerolamo travels to Urbino where he soon enough finds a certain attorney called Trasmanati. The attorney’s collection of paintings is likely to interest Aspri’s German friend with whom he maintains a long-lasting correspondence. Without hesitation, he telegraphs Overath to come to Urbino. This Overath is a very strange and elusive person. I’m tempted to view him as some kind of Mephistophelian presence in Aspri’s life. Art collection is just one of many activities pursued by Overath, and only few of those seem to be legal. Their visit to Trasmanati’s house ends up in a scuffle as Aspri suddenly attacks Overath, intending to bludgeon him to death with the host’s cane. The teacher goes haywire when the German, overwhelmed by the dark beauty of Trasmanati’s Renaissance paintings, utters a pompous disquisition on the immortality of the soul. Nobody is seriously injured and the friends part their ways, but only for a while, as they are to be reunited again under very specific circumstances.
The second part is narrated in the third person, which does not prevent it from being as confusing as the first one. We come to know the Mr. Hyde side of Aspri’s personality as we encounter him in Milan actively involved in drug trafficking and prostitution under the alias Joaquin Murieta, which is the name of the notorious 19th century Mexican outlaw. Aspri’s alter ego keeps a diary and some of its entries  appear in the narrative. Murieta keeps a colourful company consisting of smugglers, pimps, drug dealers, whores and hustlers of any stripe. There is also an Ivana, but this time she’s anything but the nymphet from Rimini: she is a prostitute married to her own john who is simply referred to as Ivana’s husband. There is a competition between Murieta and the omnipresent Overath for Ivana’s attention, and her husband doesn’t seem to mind. When we come to think of it, why should he, with as many as forty street walkers under his control? Besides the forty prostitutes, we are also introduced to the same number of greyhounds whose names are abstract nouns like Equality, Liberty, Fraternity, Mendacity, Death, Wickedness: Murieta and his associates decide to expand their business by opening a dog race track. The accounts of these nefarious characters’ wheeling and dealing  often include lengthy political and philosophical discussions which are tinged with the sense of the grotesque, not the least due to the way the main character perceives and interprets reality.
For some time, the shadowy existence as Joaquin Murieta is everything Aspri the teacher, constrained by societal norms, could wish for. However, the protagonist’s stint in the criminal underworld, despite all the adventures, dangers and passions, can neither stop his growing alienation from the surrounding world  nor curb his terror of nuclear war. Eventually, he casts the adopted gangster persona aside to become a mere teacher again. The catalyst for Aspri’s decision to leave Milan is his son’s tragic death in a boating accident.
The third part, again narrated in the first person, is set in the magnificent city of Urbino. Aspri has moved there to work at a local school. His main mission, however, is scouting the nearby foothills of the Apennines in search of the most appropriate place for an atomic shelter. Aspri also enters in a relationship with Trasmanati’s housekeeper Imelde who, after the lawyer commits suicide, is left in charge of his home and the numerous art pieces pending the auction. But when Gerolamo finally rents an estate that satisfies his goals both geographically and meteorologically (he is very meticulous about the direction of the winds that are likely to carry radioactive fallout), he does not even conceive the possibility of sharing his ark with anyone else. In fact, fully aware of the Biblical undertones of his project, Aspri calls the shelter Arcatana (literally arklair or arkburrow). Exhibiting enviable capacity for work,  he manages to construct the facility single-handedly in less than two years.  Aspri is portrayed as a kind of Anti-Noah whose primary goal is not to preserve the seed of humanity for the future regeneration, but rather to create conditions for his complete detachment from mankind and its history, reaching the state of ultimate solipsism that he is going to maintain until and beyond the atomic annihilation of life on the planet.  Rather than pondering on conservation of the human race, Aspri fantasises about a new species that will evolve out of his mutating organism:
[…] man-animal-emerald prepared to get resurrected (this word is so ugly, religious, and so papally filled with lead that it won’t bring back to the surface even a cork, not even a turd) to re-emerge different, encrusted, made thinner, split in half, discoloured, one-eyed, rendered bat-like by darkness, lizard-like by earth, eel-like by mud, monoped, coelenterate, with or without fur, mute, feathered, carnivorous, omnivorous, virus, bacterium, blue alga, moss, sponge, fungus, mould, jellyfish, disflagellated (here we go again, religious thoughts), flagellated (but has nothing to do with some column of Hellenistic imitation, and Palestinian portico, centurion’s red tunic), multi-cellular, capable or incapable of photosynthesis, provided that it is alive, alive, alive, and therefore able in its own way to think, to grow, to reproduce, and different, different, different from the present fearful creature, naked and covered in sticking plaster (not me, dear Imelde of the blue little nose, not me) sedentary and stercoraceous, with the brain, the nose, the prick chasing after services to give and to receive.
While Aspri is building the fallout shelter, he begins studying his new scripture,  a sacred text that will prepare him for the world to come: an issue of a medical journal dedicated to the survival during and after nuclear war.
The fourth and final part is very short. Just like the second, it is narrated in the third person. The main setting is the hospital where Aspri is admitted after sustaining a pelvis injury at the farm. Confined to his ward, he nevertheless tries to manage various issues related to the up-keeping of the rented property by employing a waiter from the billiards bar he used to frequent. The waiter is happy to run errands for him, but gradually it becomes apparent that he is hiding something from his employer, as well as that Overath, unbeknownst to Aspri, might be interfering with his grand project of resurrection from the nuclear ashes. But there is no way to be sure if any of Gerolamo’s suspicions are true, as his dreams, hallucinations and reveries keep re-inventing the drab reality he is incapable of escaping.  Straddling a rocking horse on his bed, brought to him so he could look through the window, he cuts a solitary and grotesque figure. The waiter reports to him that some unknown vandals have started raiding the estate, and the dismantling of the fallout shelter is just a matter of time. Where will Aspri go when he is dismissed from hospital? What will he do? How much of what has been seen or told by him is true? I am afraid that the burden of answering these questions has been laid on the readers, provided that they have managed to reach the novel’s end.
Corporal was written between 1966 and 1974, the period which corresponds to the heyday of Italian auteur cinema. Fellini’s 8 1/2, Pasolini’s Il teorema, and Antonioni’s L’avventura were made during that time. There is a certain affinity between Volponi’s novel and those groundbreaking films. Corporal manages to encompass the existential void of Antonioni, the eroticism of Pasolini, and the carnivalesque dreamscapes of Fellini. It is in many ways a product of its time with its hysteria around the atomic bomb and the preoccupation with leftist politics. But, just like those great cinematic works, Volponi’s novel succeeds in transcending its topicality, which is now a mere curiosity, a bizarre insect in the amber of the Cold War era. After all, the main concern of this astonishing monument to the Italian language is neither nuclear war nor the split personality, although these topics are most likely to attract the attention of the reader. In this unusual, uncomfortable, often frustrating novel Paolo Volponi, like nobody else, makes us aware of the two grand complexities that we cannot avoid, no matter how we try, no matter what kind of shelter we try to build around us: those of the world we are born into and of the language we use to make sense of it. That sounds hopelessly trite, I know. But it takes a genius to express this idea in such a grandiose, multi-layered verbal symphony that is Corporal – yet another great unknown patiently waiting for us to catch up with it. - theuntranslated.wordpress.com/2015/10/06/corporal-corporale-by-paolo-volponi/


Obituary: Paolo Volponi


Abel Posse - With a crew of prostitutes, representatives of multinationals, priests, a bull-fighter and his bull, a rabbi, Swedenborg the theologian, a prototype of Karl Marx, peasants, and Nietzsche looking for proof that God is dead, Columbus sets sail for paradise

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Image result for Abel Posse, Dogs of Paradise,
Abel Posse, Dogs of Paradise, Trans. by Margaret Sayers Peden, Trafalgar Square, 1992.
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Brilliant, profound and startlingly comic, here is a transformation of the old stories about the discovery of the Americas by distinguished Argentinian author Abel Posse. Ranging from the decadent Spanish court to the shores of the Mediterranean to the tropical Earthly Paradise, the Admiral of the Ocean Sea triumphantly finds the New World.
The medieval Spanish state and the New World in the early years of its discovery by Europeans are the backdrops for a revisionist historical farce that will be best appreciated by those already familiar with the personalities and events of the period. The disjointed narrative renders with Rabelaisian gusto (and, frequently, crudity) several settings: Aztec and Inca societies; the passionate, cruel court of Isabella and Ferdinand; the lonely wanderings of Christopher Columbus as he moves toward his fateful mission of finding Earthly Paradise. Posse, a former member of the Argentinian diplomatic corps whose previous novels have been published in Latin America, employs the fashionable technique of viewing history through a decidedly 20th-century lens (a character's body is described as "Picassoesque") to offer some provocative insights into these icons of Spanish history, but the overheated machismo permeating the novel may annoy some. Nevertheless, this is a worthwhile addition to the bookshelves of Latin American literature aficionados.
Christopher Columbus is the central character in this provocative novel by Argentinian author Posse. He presents the epic voyage of 1492 as a danse macabre, a lethal meeting of cultures that results in torture and death for the natives of the New World. Ferdinand and Isabella give a Spanish preview of fascist dictatorship to come while the Spanish Inquisition sets a grisly new standard for religious intolerance. Posse offers American readers a fresh chance to sample the astonishing creativity of Latin American writers. He blends the humor of Woody Allen and the dark images of Ingmar Bergman into a haunting account of man's inhumanity to man in the 15th century.





The medieval Spanish state and the New World in the early years of its discovery by Europeans are the backdrops for a revisionist historical farce that will be best appreciated by those already familiar with the personalities and events of the period. The disjointed narrative renders with Rabelaisian gusto (and, frequently, crudity) several settings: Aztec and Inca societies; the passionate, cruel court of Isabella and Ferdinand; the lonely wanderings of Christopher Columbus as he moves toward his fateful mission of finding Earthly Paradise. Posse, a former member of the Argentinian diplomatic corps whose previous novels have been published in Latin America, employs the fashionable technique of viewing history through a decidedly 20th-century lens (a character's body is described as ``Picassoesque'') to offer some provocative insights into these icons of Spanish history, but the overheated machismo permeating the novel may annoy some. Nevertheless, this is a worthwhile addition to the bookshelves of Latin American literature aficionados. - Publishers Weekly


Argentinian writer Posse, translated into English for the first time, joins those other Latin American writers who dazzle us with their verbal virtuosity, flair for magic realism, and incomparable interplay of the sacred and the profane. Mindful perhaps of that approaching half-millenium celebration, Posse makes Christopher Columbus the central character of the novel. But Posse's Columbus is a mystic, a sensual lover, and a utopian--not the usual crass fortune-seeker of the history books, though he is shrewd enough to play on other men's greed. Breaking with family tradition, he becomes a sailor, with a deep sense of kinship for the sea--his webbed feet are a sign of his amphibian nature. As a descendant of the prophet Isaiah, he also has a divine mission--to discover Paradise, from which man was expelled at the Fall. Convinced that it lies to the west, he prevails--after many setbacks and amorous adventures--to persuade beautiful Queen Isabella, who, according to Posse, is the lusty creator (along with her husband Ferdinand) of the great Spanish empire and the Renaissance, to provide the money. With a crew of prostitutes, representatives of multinationals, priests, a bull-fighter and his bull, a rabbi, Swedenborg the theologian, a prototype of Karl Marx, peasants, and Nietzsche looking for proof that God is dead, Columbus sets sail for paradise. For a brief while, Columbus and that motley but most symbolic crew--progenitors of the subsequent ills of both North and South America--enjoy their earthly paradise. Soon, however, the urge to act, to organize, to do--""the longest-continuing crime of doing in America""--takes over, and paradise is again lost. Bawdy, witty, and fast-paced, as well as serious and unobtrusively erudite, Posse's novel is an imaginative--and yet on its own terms convincing--insight into a man who really did change the world. A marvelous addition to the genre. - Kirkus Reviews


The Romulo Gallegos Prize, awarded periodically by the Venezuelan Government for distinguished achievement in Spanish-language fiction, has been pretty well on the mark since giving the initial honor in 1967 to Mario Vargas Llosa for ''The Green House.'' In due course, the prize was won by Gabriel Garcia Marquez for ''One Hundred Years of Solitude'' and Carlos Fuentes for ''Terra Nostra.'' These authors and their works are by now well known to the reading public. Other honorees, such as Fernando del Paso of Mexico, have had inexplicably bad luck in getting published here. In any case, ''The Dogs of Paradise,'' by the Argentine writer and diplomat Abel Posse, won the Gallegos Prize in 1987; here we have it in a splendid English version by Margaret Sayers Peden.
There is a resemblance among some of the works that have found favor with the Caracas committee, since they often reflect two parallel tendencies in contemporary Spanish-American fiction - the historicizing of fiction and the fictionalizing of history. The two phenomena are interdependent, but work with each other. Authors seem to delight in ''doing a number'' on archetypal fictional characters from the hoary past, and also to distort, whether for parodic or celebratory purposes, characters and situations from momentous historical epochs. Their common literary paternity might be variously traced to Jorge Luis Borges's translation of Virginia Woolf's ''Orlando,'' that spiffy burlesque of the pompous Victorian biography (much admired by Mr. Garcia Marquez), not to mention other put-ons such as Marcel Schwob's ''Vies Imaginaires,'' Borges's ''Universal History of Infamy'' and, on the other side of things, the metahistorical fictions of the Cuban writer Alejo Carpentier in ''The Kingdom of This World,'' with its resplendent Haitian setting.
Abel Posse has taken a different tack, with the Spanish language and the history of Spain and Spanish America. His compulsively imaginative weaving of fact and fiction gives a most instructive example of the consequences of just plain going over the top. His subject is appropriately grandiose, as befits a novel about the marriage of Fernando and Isabel - the forging of Hispanic political and spiritual unity, the conjugation of the visionary Columbus with the realpolitik practiced by the Spanish state, the catastrophic expulsion of the Jews and later the Moors from Spain, the four voyages of Columbus, the discovery and conquest of America, the temporary displeasure of Fernando (''He was sent in search of gold and daemons, and he comes to us with angels' feathers!''), the arrest of Columbus, his return to Spain in chains, his vindication by the belatedly grateful royal couple.
This does seem to be the case. No riffling through the Britannica, no historical dictionary will quite prepare the reader for this secularized vision of the events about to be ''celebrated'' in the year 1992. In Mr. Posse's delirious scheme, Columbus has wild cravings for kinky sex, while the battles on the marriage bed between Fernando and Isabel find horrific duplication in the other, more terrestrial geography under their combined command. In a telling passage, Mr. Posse gives us the basic idea: ''The kingdom was consolidating, gradually. Meanwhile, a secret, personal war was being waged parallel to the external one recorded by historians (history records only the grandiloquent, the visible, acts whose results are cathedrals and processions; that is why history composed for official consumption is so banal). The fact is that there was a struggle of enormous transcendency going on between Fernando and Isabel. A war of bodies and sexes that was the true foundation of the contemporary Western world, and its subsequent horrors.''  

Mr. Posse plays fast and loose with every fact at his command, as he has every right to do, since he is evolving a subterranean theory about the meaning of history in Spanish America between 1492 and 1986. He makes clever use of deliberate anachronism and violent telescoping of events - the four Columbus voyages, for instance, are conflated into one - and all are cast in a new genre we might call surrealist history.
At times, Abel Posse's portentous language seems to want to give imaginative invention a bad name - ''As the dawn of August 3rd, 1492, crept near, its rosy fingers unbuttoned the Jesuitical cassock of night. More than a day was dawning.'' I should say. One might quibble with the language, but the search for the terrestrial Eden is at the heart of Columbus's fictive mission, in Mr. Posse's view, and so Latin America and its somber history must be ''read'' as an impulse toward Utopia, still not brought to earth in the forms and social structures proper to the spirit of the continent. Up to now, it has been lorded over by ideological imports from somewhere else. As he said in a recent interview, ''Spanish America is like a great protoplasm, not at all yet defined and still seeking out its own form.''
The reader lays down ''The Dogs of Paradise'' with a strong but not especially favorable impression, left by verbal excess and page-by-page delirium. Decades ago, Alejo Carpentier declared his independence from the Surrealists who had guided his literary apprenticeship, and in so doing he complained about what he called their ''bureaucracy of the marvelous.'' Abel Posse has magical talents indeed, but one does wonder whether a reading of the implacable prestidigitation in ''The Dogs of Paradise'' - all 301 pages of it - might not elicit the same weary plaint from even the most benevolent reader today. -
https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/18/books/fernando-vs-isabel.html


Michael Krüger - world-weary characters seek—and only temporarily find—solace in nature and culture, rendering their search for a better life simultaneously comedic and heart wrenching

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Michael Krüger, The God Behind the Window, Trans. by Karen Leeder and Peter Thompson, University of Chicago Press, 2018.




The thirteen stories of Michael Krüger’s The God behind the Window capture the poignancy and cynicism of late life through tales of misanthropic old men full of the mixture of wisdom and melancholy that so often accompanies old age. In Krüger’s stories, world-weary characters seek—and only temporarily find—solace in nature and culture, rendering their search for a better life simultaneously comedic and heart wrenching. From a solitary hiker in the Swiss Alps to the book’s eponymous shut-in, these aging malcontents are continually surprised by the unexpected interventions of a world that has come to seem predictable. Krüger captures this stage in life masterfully, contrasting the deeply personal emotions of affection, melancholy, and longing with an indifferent world. The resulting stories are lyrical, philosophical, and tender despite their cynicism.













Teodor Parnicki uses novel and surprising literary structures: interview (or rather, and almost always, interrogation), informer’s reports, police reports, confessions, dream-journals, and letters (often fragmentary). He writes in extraordinarily long, dense, complicated sentences using odd grammatical constructions

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Teodor Parnicki, Ostatnia powieść (The Last Novel)






In world literature there is a special category: the Great Unfinished Novel. It comprises such early-20th century classics as Robert Musil’s The Man without Qualities, Jaroslav Hašek’s The Good Soldier Švejk, Franz Kafka’s The Castle, and, from more recent times:  Ralph Ellison’s Three Days Before the Shooting and David Foster Wallace’s The Pale King. Teodor Parnicki’s thousand-page The Last Novel belongs to this revered company: the Polish author left it uncompleted at the time of his death on December 5, 1988. When it comes to complexity, however, this cognitive overkill of a novel stands out even among the above-mentioned titles. Based on the critical response of those Polish readers who managed to read, let alone digest, this colossal book, I can assume that it has secured the place as the most formidable work of 20th century Polish literature.
Teodor Parnicki is a great unknown for the Anglophone reader as none of his works have been translated into English so far. But the fact that he is little known outside Poland does not diminish his stature: his literary heritage is a dense forest we don’t see for a clump of scrawny trees. If you want to learn more about his life and work, I am more than happy to refer you to the fascinating article appropriately called Teodor Parnicki, the Man in the Labyrinth, from which I’d like to quote the following description:
Parnicki uses novel and surprising literary structures: interview (or rather, and almost always, interrogation), informer’s reports, police reports, confessions, dream-journals, and letters (often fragmentary). He writes in extraordinarily long, dense, complicated sentences using odd grammatical constructions (past perfect, for example, the use of which in Polish he single-handedly revives) and unusual vocabulary. He adds intentionally to the confusion of the text by referring to certain individuals by a number of different names or to different individuals by the same name. Often, not all clues to the mystery of the particular novel can be found in it – one has to turn to encyclopedias and scholarly works to understand some aspects of the plot or some of the ideas of the heroes. With each successive novel, the complexity and opacity of the text is increased. The novels become elaborate labyrinths in which the reader is constantly searching for clues and interpretations.
He sounds like our man, doesn’t he? In Parnicki’s last novel, posthumously published in 2003, this life-long symphony of increasing complexity reaches a deafening crescendo: the story unfolds over the period of 30 years, takes us all over the world and features more than a hundred characters from numerous countries; it discusses at length and in detail literature, politics, diplomacy and religion and lures the reader into an intricate web of international conspiracies and secret alliances — yet most of this information overload stems from a series of conversations between a man and woman in a Berlin apartment. The novel starts as a trite detective story. A woman called Ingrid Jakobsen approaches private eye John Wang with the request of solving the mysterious death of her first husband. They meet in his apartment for a talk. From then on, the pseudo-detective plot explodes into a kaleidoscope of elaborate storylines, proliferating puzzles, and cultural references overwhelming in their abundance. Gradually it becomes evident that the man and the woman are not so much interested in solving the murder mystery as in running a game of their own whose complexity boggles imagination. Since the elaborateness of the plot is aggravated by that of the language, it is perfectly understandable why The Last Novel has so few readers even in Poland. This obscure and bewildering testament to Parnicki’s extraordinary talent as a storyteller, stylist and world-maker is biding its time: it is patiently waiting to be read, understood and appreciated, and, perhaps, even translated some day.
- theuntranslated.wordpress.com/2018/10/08/the-great-untranslated-ostatnia-powiesc-the-last-novel-by-teodor-parnicki/


Teodor Parnicki, 1908-1988, was an unusual writer with an unusual biography. Born in Berlin to German-speaking parents of Polish descent, and interned along with them in Russia during the first world war as enemy civilian (his father had been posted there as a railroad engineer by a German company), he was resettled in Siberia. To escape internment, his parents declared themselves Polish. During the upheavals of the Revolution which soon swept across Russia, young Parnicki, estranged from his widowed and remarried father, joined the stream of refugees which poured into China. It was in this way that Teodor eventually completed his high school education in a Polish gymnasium in… Harbin, Manchuria. It was there, while reading Sienkiewicz (about whom see my post here), that young Teodor resolved to become a Polish novelist. And it was thus that he resolved to repatriate to the newly reestablished Poland. You see, he had decided to become a writer of Polish historical novels before he was Polish.
His third novel, Aetius, the Last Roman (1937), met with considerable critical success, but the outbreak of the Second World War interrupted his publishing career. Parnicki joined another great wave of wartime emigration, and eventually settled in Mexico, where he continued to write historical novels, in Polish, at first destined for his drawer, and later for extremely limited editions of the semi-independent-semi-dissident Catholic press back home. (Late in his career, a large edition of Parnicki would run to the miniscule 10,000 copies). He moved back to Poland only in 1967, probably pressed by financial need.
This isolation from his readers has taken Parnicki’s craft in the direction of ever increasing arcanity and density.
Its arcanity manifests itself in several ways, for example in his unusual choice of historical settings – Greek Bactria in the 2nd century BC, Alexandria in the second century AD, 5th Century Byzantium, Vinland (the Viking settlement in New England). The novels often set out, ostensibly, to solve a historical riddle, such as: whether two different (authentic) historical figures may really have been the same person or what could have been the real motives (or causes) of some historical action or event. His later novels often take the form of an investigation into a conspiracy theory of some kind. The riddles are often based on recondite historical facts supported by great deal of archival research. The sense of mystery is intentionally manipulated by the use of mystery-novel techniques with which Parnicki very ably heightens the interest of the “investigation”. Yet, unlike most mystery novels, Parnicki’s riddles usually remain unsolved in the end –and, if anything, they become even more hopelessly entangled, leaving us with the sense of the overwhelming complexity of the world we live in.
Perhaps not surprisingly, given his personal history, Parnicki often turns to investigation of personal and cultural identity. His 1955 novel, The End Of The Harmony of Nations, is set among the Greek rulers of Bactria, outnumbered by their Iranian subjects, cut off from the rest of the Greek world by the recent Parthian conquest of Persia, and, while desperately trying to hang onto their Greekness, confounded by the problems raised by their king’s unexpected – and fabulous – conquests in India. The central story concerns an investigation by the Greek secret police of a young Greek man arriving from the east, from China, whom they suspect of being a spy. The investigation becomes a debate on the nature of Greekhood when the young man criticizes them of having become barbarians but takes a more bewildering turn when he himself turns out to be half-Jewish and – frantic to deny his Jewishness. Intellectual attitudes are thrown in complete disarray when the investigation is taken over by a special agent sent by Greek king Demetrios from across the Indus – a black untouchable Indian, and a renegade Buddhist monk, who disputes the Greek exception, both on critical grounds (“we, too, have our Homer, our Eurypides, our Plato”) and practical considerations (“at first there were 500 Indians for every Greek soldier, then 5,000, then 50,000, then a million”). Large parts of the novel read like philosophical dialogues, interspersed with private rumination and dreams. And they all are aimed to answer the question: who am I? Who are we?
It is not a novel for the action-oriented.
In Parnicki’s novels, the question of personal identity often assumes the form of search for one’s antecedents.
And so, in the 1962 novel, Only Beatrice, papal investigators in Avignon follow the hero’s search to discover his paternity. He stands before the Pope John XXII (1249-1334) seeking acquittal for the crime of having led a group of peasants in the burning alive of some Cistercian monks in Poland, monks who had raised him as an orphan, and several of whom he suspects in turn of having fathered him. The novel takes the form of a series of transcripts of interrogations of the hero by papal inquisitors (and, on one occasion, by the Pope himself).
The sensational element is this: the pope takes an interest in the case because the hero, a deacon, claims to have confessed the monks before having turned them over to the mob. One of the monks, he claims, confessed that he had once been a member of a sea expedition which had set out in the 1290’s from Lisbon and sailed due west until it reached, according to him, an island surprisingly similar in description to Dante’s Purgatorio.
The Pope’s interest in this is connected with his views (never expressed as official dogma, and possibly something he changed his mind about sometime during his pontificate) that those who died in the faith did not see the presence of God until the Last Judgment. (The point is important to Catholics, since if the dead are not in the presence of God, then the whole idea of prayers to the saints would seem to be undermined). The novel thus offers an explanation of how that change of mind may have happened: the Pope may have heard evidence that the Purgatory (though in actual fact, only America) actually does exist.
More than a sensational mystery drama, the novel is also a psychological thriller with the inquisitors trying to understand the man’s motivation (and thus likelihood of his veracity) by investigating his convoluted past. As a young boy he had failed to deliver a message from the monks to King Przemysl II of Poland, the message being the question “Is tomorrow the Ides of March?” — a coded warning to the king of an imminent attempt on his life. Against instructions, the boy had asked the question before entering the house where the king was staying, thus warning the plotters that their conspiracy had been compromised, and hastening the assassination.
He thus becomes burdened with responsibility for the shedding of royal blood, and the failure of the project to revive the Polish monarchy, a sense of failure, shame, and guilt, which turns into hate against his fathers who had entrusted him with the task; and which turns the boy, and later man, into a faithful executor of various cloak-and-dagger tasks on behalf of the king’s daughter, Elzbieta Ryksa, later queen of Bohemia (and an important player on the European stage as the chief opponent of the Anjou claim to the Czech throne).
Queen Ryksa, seen in the novel ruthlessly manipulating the hero’s blind love and dedication for her, is a type of character which returns in Parnicki’s novels again and again, the great woman: powerful, intelligent, educated, manipulative, cunning, ruthless, loved blindly and utterly and hopelessly by the hero, and – completely unattainable. The motto of the novel, taken from Russian poetry, introduces her:
There is no heaven, no hell, no void, no abyss,
There is only – Beatrice,
And she, precisely, isn’t.
To this great woman Parnicki returns again in his 1958 novel, The Word and The Flesh, which consists of two series of letters. One series is from Chesroes, a Parthian prince held by Romans as a hostage in Alexandria, to his childhood’s unrequited love, turned by years of yearning into the love of his life, Marcia, the former mistress of the Roman Emperor Commodus, and – probably – instigator of the Emperor’s assassination; whom he tries by turns to convince, compel, and blackmail into eloping with him. The other series of letters, the novel’s volume 2, is from Marcia to the Roman chief of Egyptian security services with whom she is negotiating for her acquittal in return for state secrets she is deftly extracting from Chesroes.
Parnicki’s heroes and heroines are intelligent, educated people of their times with a lively interest in the intellectual currents of their epoch, and significant participation in the intellectual and political events of their times, with the effect that a great deal of scholarship and historical research informs his novels. (In this they are also the sort of people one always dreams of associating with and the novels make this possible).
There is a strong fantastic and counter-factual current in his literature. One of the novels, for example, assumes that Julian the Apostate did not die in AD302 AD363, but continued to live and rule for another 20 years. It investigates ways in which already numerically dominant Christianity may have interacted with a hostile ruler.
Through several other of his novels there meanders a kind of conspiracy theory of history which claims that the existence of America was well known to European elites since the 9th century, and kept a secret against some future time when the world was “ready”. The purpose here is, I think, to investigate how the idea of a promised land plays out in our minds.
Another novel reveals that the defeat of the Arab invasion by Charles Martel at the battle of Tours (a victory credited with the “salvation” of Europe) was really a result of a plot by an economic consortium who controlled the production of parchment (and felt threatened by Chinese paper, used by the Arabs). The novel is a transcript of a secret conference of the plotters, set in a secret location somewhere in the Caucasus, in which various members of the imagined consortium, concealed behind masks and ciphers in a setting reminiscent of the black mass scene in Eyes Wide Shut (or Mozart’s Magic Flute), conduct their debates regarding the pros and cons of the great religious conflict between Christianity and Islam. (This was several decades before the present hoopla regarding the supposed war between civilizations, and significantly more sophisticated).
Gradually, his novels become interconnected – with various heroes of some turning out to be the ancestors of heroes of others, or the object of their investigation, or discussion, or envy. Later, heroes and heroines of other novels – by Sienkiewicz and Dumas for example – enter and interact with Parnicki’s creations – and each other.
Parnicki uses novel and surprising literary structures: interview (or rather, and almost always, interrogation), informer’s reports, police reports, confessions, dream-journals, and letters (often fragmentary). He writes in extraordinarily long, dense, complicated sentences using odd grammatical constructions (past perfect, for example, the use of which in Polish he single-handedly revives) and unusual vocabulary. He adds intentionally to the confusion of the text by referring to certain individuals by a number of different names or to different individuals by the same name. Often, not all clues to the mystery of the particular novel can be found in it – one has to turn to encyclopedias and scholarly works to understand some aspects of the plot or some of the ideas of the heroes. With each successive novel, the complexity and opacity of the text is increased. The novels become elaborate labyrinths in which the reader is constantly searching for clues and interpretations. For all his novels following The Word and the Flesh, I find myself having to take notes and make sketches to keep track of all the questions raised and clues offered. Perhaps it was inevitable that Stefan Szymutko, in his book on Parnicki, should ask the inevitable question: “Parnicki: a madman or a genius?”
Small wonder his readership remains limited to a small circle of his worshippers.
In exile, Parnicki married a Polish woman 18 years his junior. They had a very close, perhaps because childless, marriage, in which they shared a great deal of intellectual and artistic interests as well as several languages. It is reported that Parnicki’s touch with reality was not all that great, that he often forgot things and became lost and that his survival in the world much depended on his wife’s dedicated care of him. An officer of a ship on which Parnicki once traveled reports how alarmed Parnicki would grow if his wife ever left him while he was writing. Suddenly he would notice that she was gone from the cabin and set out on a frantic search for her all over the ship, alarming the entire crew by his insistence that she must have fallen overboard. She made the publication of his novels possible by typing up his illegible manuscripts.
In 1967 Parnicki confessed to the same naval officer: “I will never find what I am looking for. It keeps slipping out of my hands. I don’t know myself what it is. It has no color and no shape, it has no known dimensions. I only know that it is somewhere very near, here, within arm’s reach. That’s why all my moves are illusory. And all my novels also.” That is very much the sensation one gets from reading his novels: a sense of unattainable mystery, unsolvable problem, like the search for personal identity, something incredibly important, yet – if we are truly honest with ourselves – hopelessly out of reach.
I have found it impossible to read any Parnicki novel (except his Aetius, the Last Roman, written when Parnicki was just getting started) from cover to cover. The linguistic, structural, semantic and psychological complexity is simply too overwhelming for even the most determined reader. But it is possible to read in any one of his novels endlessly. I do this with several of them, which have lived in my suitcase, and on the night stand, for over two decades now.
Perhaps my most favorite is The Word And The Flesh which always lies within reach. Every now and then I pick up the book and read a few pages in it, now here now there. I have read everything in this book several times already, but have never been able to get from beginning to end without putting it down for some time – days, or weeks, or months — to digest it, and to let it put out delicate and transparent, but strangely durable sprouts in my heart.
Ron Shuler’s post on Tomas Pynchon encouraged me to write this post on Teodor Parnicki, for I espy a certain similarity between the two authors: a certain arcane density, a labyrinthine structure, a penchant for intellectual mystery. I like Parnicki better not only because I enjoy the language more, but also because I prefer his old world mind-set, because I love his historical settings and the obscure, recondite, arcane subject matter, and perhaps also because I, too, am in love with an intelligent and strong-headed woman who manipulates me to her own purposes.
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Perhaps there is room in this essay for a coda: six sentences on the ways in which Parnicki’s work has affected my life. There is something one learns from minute investigation of historical events, and it is that they invariably escape simple characterizations. Our school textbooks – invariably part of an apparatus of ideological indoctrination, whether intended to say that we Poles were always just or we Americans were always fair – teach us that an event – a war, a revolution, a promulgation of new laws – was just or noble or at any rate good, or else, on the contrary, ignoble and selfish and on the whole bad. But closer inspection always reveals how incredibly complex these events are, how they are the outcome of millions of decisions made by millions of individuals, each for his own reasons. And a closer inspection of individual actions reveals how complex, and often confused, or unaware, our individual reasons are and how often we ourselves are in the dark as to just why we do what we do. The upshot of a closer look at the whys and wherefores often leads to the Parnicki condition: the sense that the exact shape of things somehow escapes us; and that learning more often amounts to learning just how little we really understand.
And there is another thought: that we love in order to love and that whether our lovers really love us back or simply use us for their ends is really neither here nor there.
- https://heaventree.wordpress.com/2006/09/01/teodor-parnicki/




The Historical SF of Teodor Parnicki


The Polish novelist Teodor Parnicki has for a long time been developing the practice and concept of the "historical fantasy" or historical SF novel. This seems to be an important literary innovation, and it is amazing that Polish literary critics have not shown much comprehension of it, treating it mainly as a formal experiment of no general consequence, or stubbornly claiming Parnicki's works for the literature of the absurd — a classification which he himself staunchly opposes. In this short overview I merely wish to indicate that Parnicki's novels belong to the genre of "possible fantasy" or SF, that they have a significant inner consistency and logic that should eventually earn this author a rightful recognition, and that the notion of "historical SF" should be introduced into the theory and history of literature.
The consistency and logic probably began when Parnicki made his first choice — which was to become a Polish writer. Born in 1908 in Berlin as the son of a Polish couple, brought up from the age of three in Russia, where his engineer father had moved, Parnicki entered the military school at Monsk during the First World War, and was evacuated with it to Vladivostok. In 1920 he ran away from the military school and traveled to Harbin in Manchuria, where he began to study at the local Polish high school. At the age of 12 he first began to speak Polish. In 1928, after graduating from the high school, he went to Poland and entered Lwow University, where he took English and Polish Philology, and also a course in Oriental studies. Thus he was almost 20 when he first came to Poland; it is here that I would seek for the origin of his objective and analytical attitude to Polish history and language, which provides the basis for his intellectually subtle historical SF. He began writing before the Second World War as a columnist and author of short stories published in the daily press. This apprentice phase ended with his first novel, AETIUS, THE LAST ROMAN1 (1937), for which he was awarded a travel scholarship to the Mediterranean by the Polish Academy of Literature. He returned to Poland a few days before the German invasion, and in 1941 worked in the Polish embassy in the USSR as cultural attaché. In 1942, together with other embassy employees, he was evacuated first to Teheran and then to Jerusalem, where he published THE SILVER EAGLES2 (1943). This second novel treats the rise of the Polish state within the context of a medieval Europe divided between the Greco-Roman and a German civilization. AETIUS was already written with the understanding (as Parnicki later formulated it) that historical fiction must simultaneously treat its characters as simply people, and as people who are under specific influences from their surrounding conditions. THE SILVER EAGLES goes one step further. In this novel Parnicki is interested not only in facts, but even more in possibilities. To what was is added what could have been — in this case the possibility of a Slavic Hegemony in 10th-century Christian Europe. (Parnicki's concept was later discussed by historians and it was acknowledged that such a possibility had indeed existed.)
After the Middle East, Parnicki went to London, and then to Mexico, where he settled and wrote many novels, which were subsequently published in Poland. He visited Poland in 1963 and 1965, and in 1967 settled in Warsaw. His major postwar works are THE END OF THE CONCORD OF NATIONS3 (1955), which takes place in Hellenistic Central Asia, in the Bactrian monarchy, and first presents Parnicki's hypothesis of the historical creative role of half-breeds; WORD AND FLESH4 (1959), a study of the creative functions of words, unfolding the history of Chrosroes (3rd century AD) and Markia, the concubine of the emperor Commodus; THE NEW FABLE (1962-70), a cycle of six novels5 located at various times and places around the world, which contains not only the "half-breed theory" but also SF elements, as when Parnicki in the second volume, following the suggestions of some historians that Joan of Arc did not perish at the stake, has her leave for America; ONLY BEATRICE6 (1962); STRANGE EVEN AMONG THE MIGHTY7 (1965); and LITURGY GENEALOGY8 (1974), a series of lectures at Warsaw University.
Since 1968 Parnicki has published seven novels with "historical SF" motifs: KILL CLEOPATRA9 (1968), CLEOPATRA'S OTHER LIFE10 (1969), IDENTITY,11 THE MUSE OF DISTANT JOURNEYS12 (1970), TRANSFORMATION13 (1973), WE BECAME LIKE UNTO TWO DREAMS14 (1973), and I SHALL LEAVE DEFENSELESS15 (1977). This is a sign of his increasing involvement in a conscious effort to revitalize the historical novel by these means. The first conscious or programmatic effort at such historical SF was already the second part of WORD AND FLESH, dealing as it does with an investigation into historical existence versus non-existence. In the 1960s Parnicki's cognitive pessimism, a lack of confidence in the truth and veridicity of his sources, was increasing. His heroes began to get entangled into commentaries, then commentaries on the commentaries, and even debates on the subtleties of language. Characteristically, the author's careful consideration of the authenticity of some protagonists does not differ in style from the protagonists' own attempts to find their identity (itself the title of a 1970 novel listed above).
It is becoming clear that already in his first works Parnicki was conscious that the code of the historical novel of the Scott or Sienkiewicz type had been used up. Some of the reasons that eventually turned Parnicki to historical SF are revealed in his later discussion of the success of the French novelist Jean d'Ormesson, who had among other novels published the popular La Glorie de l'Empire: "The field of historical SF is a challenge to what is called the historical novel... shouldn't we consider it as a mutiny against the tyranny of the historical novel?" And further:
We may call it either mutiny or tiredness. No doubt this occurs in my last books. One may say that my immediate reader-addressees do not feel this tiredness to the extent I do, since I have an impression that my readers prefer those novels of mine which are truly historical rather than those which are historical SF. And maybe it should be said about d'Ormesson's reading public that either it is itself tired of historical truth, or it has mutinied against the extent to which real history in fact gives so little. (Interview in Literature in świecie, No. 4, 1974]
In spite of Parnicki's reservations, his problems and the problems of his environment seem thus to be the same as those of d'Ormesson and his environment. The necessity of the revivification of the historical novel is a common one, and the difference lies in the height of the intellectual hurdles to be overcome by the readers of those two so different writers — hurdles that are much higher in Parnicki's case.
In 1965, in the introduction to his novel STRANGE EVEN AMONG THE MIGHTY, Parnicki revealed his plan of writing historical SF and gave a definition of this notion:
writing historical SF ... ought to have as its starting point a completely conscious attempt of the author to stand against indubitable historical truth, e.g. in a novel which would be based on a consciously fantastic assumption (of the "what would happen if" type) that the Roman emperor Julian did not die (as he really did) during the war with Persia in 363, but lived and ruled for the next 20 or 25 years. In a novel based on such an assumption the most important problem would be, of course, the vicissitudes of Christianity and the Roman Empire and, maybe, of the world as a whole (at least the world of Europe, Asia, and Africa) as the consequence of the prolonged reign of Emperor Julian.... A concept of this sort has tempted me for at least 25 years — but I have never had the courage to set to work on it, because it has always seemed to me that such an attempt would surpass my intellectual and creative abilities.
The novel of the time of the emperor Julian, I SHALL LEAVE DEFENSELESS, has just been published. Its appearance was preceded and prepared for by two other novels, THE HATCHERY OF WONDERS16 and THE MUSE OF DISTANT JOURNEYS. The former is written as an apocryphal 17th-century fantasy on a 20th-century theme, an attempt to write an SF novel about the 20th century from the point of view of a man living in the 17th. In it, for the first time since THE SILVER EAGLES, Parnicki relies strongly on plot. Similarly, THE MUSE OF DISTANT JOURNEYS suggestively renders the vicissitudes of the imaginary "Fourth Polish Kingdom" in the 19th century, in which Mickiewicz is minister of education and faith, Krasinski is ambassador to Petersburg, and Slowacki is an emigré to Mexico. Such a transformation of history follows on Parnicki's old idea as to what would have happened if the (historically defeated) Polish November 18th Uprising had been victorious (that it could have been victorious we are told in a book by an historian, Jerzy Lojek, entitled THE CHANCES OF THE NOVEMBER UPRISING). Commenting on THE MUSE OF DISTANT JOURNEYS, the author said, "Out of the edifice of history I take one brick impressed with history's reliable seal; in its place I put another; and consider all the consequences of this operation." Parnicki also pointed to its didactic origin: "I should remind you that this 'if-ing' was the subject of rhetoric lessons in ancient times, lessons not only about logical, but also historic and dialectic reasoning. A pupil had to submit corrections to and various alternatives of the past utilizing his knowledge."
As for his latest novel, I SHALL LEAVE DEFENSELESS, it consists of three parts, of which the first describes a ship expedition beyond the Pillars of Hercules, sent by the emperor Julian. A group of people on board are bound to each other with complex ties; in the second part, these ties are revealed in all their ambiguity, as the action shifts to the Red Sea. In part three, the connectedness of the preceding action and the secret plans of "Julian the Apostate" are exposed. Furthermore, the author steps out in person and conducts a discussion with the protagonists on history and its cognitive limits. Parnicki's novels are sometimes called charades, and this seems to hold for the Julian novel. Over 600 pages, it focuses relentlessly on the mysteries of history. The imaginary premise that Julian did not die during his Persian campaign in 363 is treated as a game, a cognitive experiment which should expose the true nature of historical events. This is the method by which Parnicki strives to inform SF with high intellectual values.
NOTES
1. Aecjusz ostatni Rzymianin. The titles in the text in LARGE AND SMALL CAPS are literal English renderings of the titles of Polish books that have not been published in English and hence have no official English-language titles.
2. Srebrne orly.
3. Koniec Zgody Nadodów.
4. Slowo i cialo.
5. Nowa basn, with the volumes Robotnicy wezwani o jedenastej (WORKERS WERE SUMMONED AT 11 O'CLOCK), Czas siania i czas zbierania (A TIME FOR SOWING AND A TIME FOR REAPING), Labirynt (THE LABYRINTH), Gliniane dzbany (THE CLAY PITCHERS), Wylegarnia dziwow (THE HATCHERY OF WONDERS), and Palec zagrozenia (THE THREATENING FINGER).
6. Tylko Beatrycze.
7. I u moznych dziwny.
8. Rodowód literacki.
9. Zabij Kleopatre.
10. Inne zyzie Kleopatry.
11. Tozsamosc.
12. Muza dalekich podrózy.
13. Przeobrazenie.
14. Stalismy jak dwa sny.
15. Sam wyjde bezbronny.
16. See Note 5. 


ABSTRACT
The Polish novelist Teodore Parnicki has for some time been publishing novels best defined as historical SF. These include Kill Cleopatra (1968), Cleopatra's Other Life (1969), The Muse of Distant Journeys (1970), Transformation (1973), We Became Like Unto Two Dreams (1973), and, most recently, I Shall Leave Defenseless (1977). The premise of this last novel is that the Emperor Julian did not die during his Persian campaign in 363; the novel is a game, a cognitive experiment that undermines historical "fact" by denying it and constructing an alternative story. Polish literary critics have shown little comprehension of Parnicki's importance, claiming his works for the literature of the absurd, a classification that the author himself opposes. In this short overview, I argue that Parnicki's novels belong to the genre of SF, that they have a significant inner consistency and logic that should eventually earn this author a rightful recognition, and that the idea of "historical SF" should be introduced into the theory and study of science fiction. - Wojciech Jamroziak
https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/15/jamroziak15art.htm




Jonathan Basile - an in-depth exploration of one of literature’s greatest tricksters, Jorge Luis Borges. His short story “The Library of Babel” is a signature examplar of this playfulness, though not merely for the inverted world it imagines, where a library thought to contain all possible permutations of all letters and words and books is plumbed by pious librarians looking for divinely pre-fabricated truths.

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Jonathan Basile, Tar for Mortar: "The Library of Babel" and the Dream of Totality, Punctum Books, 2018.
Read an Excerpt from Tar for Mortar Here!


Tar for Mortar offers an in-depth exploration of one of literature’s greatest tricksters, Jorge Luis Borges. His short story “The Library of Babel” is a signature examplar of this playfulness, though not merely for the inverted world it imagines, where a library thought to contain all possible permutations of all letters and words and books is plumbed by pious librarians looking for divinely pre-fabricated truths. One must grapple as well with the irony of Borges’s narration, which undermines at every turn its narrator’s claims of the library’s universality, including the very possibility of exhausting meaning through combinatory processing.
Borges directed readers to his non-fiction to discover the true author of the idea of the universal library. But his supposedly historical essays are notoriously riddled with false references and self-contradictions. Whether in truth or in fiction, Borges never reaches a stable conclusion about the atomic premises of the universal library — is it possible to find a character set capable of expressing all possible meaning, or do these letters, like his stories and essays, divide from themselves in a restless incompletion?
While many readers of Borges see him as presaging our digital technologies, they often give too much credit to our inventions in doing so. Those who elide the necessary incompletion of the Library of Babel compare it to the Internet on the assumption that both are total archives of all possible thought and expression. Though Borges’s imaginings lend themselves to digital creativity (libraryofbabel.info is certainly evidence of this), they do so by showing the necessary incompleteness of every totalizing project, no matter how technologically refined. Ultimately, Basile nudges readers toward the idea that a fictional/imaginary exposition can hold a certain power over technology.





In their introduction to The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick, editors Jonathan Lethem and Pamela Jackson attempt to arrive at what they think the American science fiction author was ultimately doing across the more than seven thousand pages of his ‘exegesis,’ asking: “What saves the universe from running in useless circles until it drops? What separates the living spark of meaning from the ‘inferior bulk’ of chaos and noise? Does the universe evolve or devolve? If the system is closed, then where does ‘the new’ originate?”[1] It is often taken for granted that invention lies at the heart of creative endeavor. But what is invention, exactly?
Marx made the distinction clear in the first volume of Capital (1867), juxtaposing the “labor” of bees with human labor:
We ascribe to labor a form, which belongs exclusively to humanity. A spider conducts operations which resemble those of a weaver, and a bee would put many a human architect to shame by the construction of its honeycomb cells. But what at the outset distinguishes the worst of architects from the best of bees is that the architect builds the cell in his mind before he constructs it in wax.[2]
Marx knew his Kant, particularly that subsection of the Critique of Judgment (1790) titled “On Art in General,” in which Kant writes:
By right we should not call anything art except a production through freedom, i.e., through a power of choice that bases its acts on reason. For though we like to call the product that bees make (the regularly constructed honeycombs) a work of art, we do so only by virtue of an analogy with art; for as soon as we recall that their labor is not based on any rational deliberation on their part, we say at once that the product is a product of their nature (namely, of instinct), and it is only to their creator that we ascribe it as art.[3]
Both, in turn, might be said to be responding to The Fable of the Bees: or Private Vices, Public Benefits (1732) by Bernard Mandeville. And Descartes’ automata. And Francis Bacon’s anthropocentrism. And Montaigne’s essay, An Apology for Raymond Sebond.
And so on and so forth, back into the (un)lettered past.
*
The honeycomb is a central motif in Tar for Mortar: “The Library of Babel” and the Dream of Totality, Jonathan Basile’s thought-provoking new meditation on the classic Borges short story, wherein endlessly repeating hexagons constitute the basic architectural units of a universal library, the cells in which all possible books are shelved—including this one. Products of pure permutation, articulated in the abstract logic of formal systems in which the names of things are arbitrarily assigned, these books are “a reminder of the indifference of all expression” to such quaint priorities as personal intention or private meaning: a kind of blasphemy aimed at a gospel of originality that prefers the worst of architects to the best of bees. “It was self-evident to the librarians in the Library of Babel,” writes Basile, “that they could never create an original work; instead they hoped to discover the truth in the prefabricated texts they considered divine.”[4]
The Greeks called this atomism. For the Kabbalists it was the Aleph-Bet, the twenty-two letters of the Hebrew alphabet—including five so-called final forms—endowed with numerical significance, whose recombination creates the appearance of the endless variety of our universe. Borges, whose speculative fictions often invoked the Kabbalah and who, in Basile’s memorable description “went on to become the third blind head librarian of the National Library of Buenos Aires,”[5] seems to challenge Kant’s conception of human nature by imagining even the most literate human beings as drones navigating a hive without end — its cells filled with books rather than honey.
Unlike the original story of the Tower in the book of Genesis, “La biblioteca de Babel,” first published in 1941 (English translations did not appear until 1962), is not an etiological myth or merely a parody of one. In thrall to an inverted messianism, these librarians, like the monoglot engineers who attempted to storm heaven with little more than bricks and tar, seek a particular place: the precise spot on the exact shelf of the one hexagon in which the ideal symbolic sequence resides. This being Borges, however, things are not quite what they seem. Readers are seduced by what they see as the biographical symmetries between author and narrator, tending to take the latter’s claims about the Library at face value, all while following a breadcrumb trail that inevitably leads to contradictions and nested ironies. “The question of Babel,” writes Basile, “both as tower and as library, is precisely one of totality or unity—is it possible for humanity to share a common language?”[6] Can the shards ever be made whole? This is where the latter part of the subtitle comes in.
Borges delighted in contradictions, especially those “true contradictions” that are said to exist beyond formal logic with its stable binary true/false. He was the type to answer a question with a question, a riddle with another riddle, exploring the uncanny ability of contradictions to undermine authority—as if seeking, at times, to liberate language from the scribe. In “Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote” he proposed a scenario in which Cervantes was no longer the sole author of the tilting-at-windmills tale. In “Kafka and His Precursors” (1951), he begins by reeling off a shortlist of potential literary ancestors, then interrupts the neat genealogy he’s constructed: “Kafka’s idiosyncrasy is present in each of those writings, to a greater or lesser degree, but if Kafka had not written, we would not perceive it; that is to say, it would not exist.” And, more memorably: “The fact is that each writer creates his precursors. His work modifies our conception of the past, as well as it will modify the future.”[7] One is hardly even related to oneself.
This combinatoric approach is seductive from a number of angles. If, as we have been assured, the brain is merely a meatspace computer and the internet a vast, digital Alexandria that aspires to contain whatever one might conceivably seek out, then wouldn’t it make sense to share the burden of analysis—and, increasingly, invention—with networked machines? Basile is a member of the BABEL Working Group, a “non-hierarchical scholarly collective,” and the creator of libraryofbabel.info, which “currently contains every possible page of 3,200 characters, using a character set of the twenty-six lower case letters, space, comma, and period.”[8] (Several potential floor plans contributed by users of the site are reproduced in the book.) Rather than putting writers out of business, however, the virtual Babel, like the one on which it is based, fails by design. Articles, like the one on Slate.com—Jorge Luis Borges’ “Library of Babel” Is Now a Real Website. Borges Would Be Alarmed—which took the virtual library literally, ended up missing the point altogether. Though many have tried, any attempt at constructing a universal language like Esperanto or the one featured in Borges’ essay “John Wilkins’ Analytical Language” can serve as a demonstration of the ultimate futility of trying to approximate that ur-tongue.
A library in which enlightenment comes secondhand and human intelligence is reduced to fruitless browsing conveys some sense of what it’s like to search for certainty and absolute truth in a probabilistic universe, where the probable and impossible exist along a common continuum. As in many of Borges’ stories, the protagonists of “The Library of Babel” are haunted by knowledge; information forms a mental labyrinth from which they find it increasingly difficult to escape. And yet the point of atomism was to free human beings from meddling Olympians and to encourage them to be as shameless as nature. “Nature,” according to Lucretius, “is free and uncontrolled by proud masters (dominis superbis) and runs the universe by herself without the aid of gods who pass their unruffled lives, their placid aeon, in calm and peace!”[9] Were it to exist, a library of all possible expression would pose about as much of a threat to human invention as a xylotheque to a forest.
*
            Postcript: On June 7, 2018, the New York Times published the latest in bee research under the headline “Do Bees Know Nothing?” The article summarized a new paper in the journal Science purporting to show that, according to one of the authors, bees “‘understood that zero was a number lower than one and part of a sequence of numbers’”:
But they weren’t thinking the way we think, consciously, right?  “I certainly wouldn’t use the word consciousness,” in relation to bees, Dr. Dyer said.  But, “the evidence is consistent with high-level cognitive abilities.”
David Anderson, a fruit fly researcher at Caltech, was more cautious:
“It is difficult to know what such a task ‘means’ for the bees,” he wrote in an email, “from a ‘conceptual’ standpoint, because we do not understand the strategy that the bees’ brains are using to solve the problem.”
No one is arguing yet that insects are self-conscious, but it is not inconceivable that in the near future the honeybee, too, will be considered capable of art and Kant’s division—what Basile calls “the deconstruction of the distinction between invention and discovery”—will further erode from this direction. In the meantime, works that have their genesis in collaborative intellectual projects like Tar for Mortar—made possible by the radical open-access publisher punctum books—offer a possible way out of the information labyrinth in which we find ourselves. Forget the (at least) 104677 volumes. To discover the other wanderers, each of us must take a chisel to the hexagonal walls of our bookish tombs.*
(*Chisel not included.)
[1] Lethem and Jackson, eds. The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011), p. xx.
[2] Marx, Karl. Capital I (Penguin, 1976), p. 284.
[3] Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Judgment trans. Werner S. Pluhar (Cambridge: Hackett, 1987), p. 170.
[4] Basile, Jonathan. Tar for Mortar (Punctum, 2018), p. 17-18.
[5] ibid p. 44.
[6] ibid p. 59.
[7] Borges, Jorge Luis. “Kafka and His Precursors” in Other Inquisitions, 1937-1952 trans. Eliot Weinberger (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000 [1952]).
[8]Tar for Mortar p. 65.
[9]De rerum natura 2.1090-4.
- Daniel Elkind
https://www.3ammagazine.com/3am/the-worst-of-architects-reconsidering-borges-library-of-babel/




The visible work of this book is easily and briefly enumerated:
The most compact way I know to express Jorge Luis Borges’s brain-bending irony slides in between the second and third words of the title of his essay, “A New Refutation of Time.” The title creates a compact version of the self-canceling liar paradox  credited to the ancient philosopher Epimenides: if the essay’s argument is “new,” time has not been refuted, but if the “refutation” does what it claims and deconstructs time, the modifying word “new” becomes meaningless. So far, so self-consuming. Borges’s essay, like many of his fictions, dances across the edges of veracity and what Jonathan Basile, in Tar for Mortarhis brilliant new open-source reading of Borges, calls “the dream of totality.”
Basile, the creator of the amazing libraryofbabel.info website that digitally replicates the conditions of Borges’s famous story, “The Library of Babel,” brings to this book multiple strengths: razor-sharp analytical skills, precise writing, and a web-master’s experience of wrestling with a digital instantiation of Borges’s thought experiment. He’s written a brilliant book about Borges — that would be enough of a great thing for me — which also has important things to say about intellectual ambition, irony, language, and the things that the Digital Humanities can and cannot reveal.
… An examination of the essential metric laws of French prose, illustrated with examples taken from Saint-Simon (Revue des langues romanes, Montpellier, October 1909)
What Basile terms the “dream of totality” turns out, as he cogently shows, to be quixotic in a very precise way: the fantasy never corresponds to reality, but the act of dreaming changes the world in which the dreamer lives. “Totality itself,” Basile observes, “is essentially incomplete” (17). This lack of wholeness redounds upon the dreamer. “In all its forms,” he continues, “the library should lead us to think differently about the possibility of originality or novelty” (17). The limits of both Borges’s Library and language itself — the fact that “even the most unpredicted or unpredictable event is intelligible to us only by means of conforming to pre-existing concepts and forms of experience” (18) — bounds our thinkable universe. The world spreads itself before us, in physical space and also inside the slim & somewhat broken copy of Borges’s Labyrinths that I have sitting on my desk right now. The fragile New Directions paperback is the second of several copies that I have owned, but the oldest still in my possession. My notes in spidery pencil marked the pages in the mid-1980s, when I treated myself to an undergrad course on Borges and Latin American fiction with James Irby, who translated most of the material in this volume. Around that same time that I changed tracks from my plans to major in theoretical mathematics and turned instead to literature, where I remain today.
… A reply to Luc Durtain (who had denied the existence of such laws), illustrated with examples from Luc Durtain (Revue des langues romanes, Montpellier, December 1909)
“I no longer long for a solution” (18), Basile writes after a wonderfully thorough analysis of the possible and impossible structures of “The Library of Babel.” He comes to think that “Borges has an imagination that surpasses lucidity to its dark hinter-side, the mind of what I would prefer to call an anarchitect, whose great vision was an ability to lead us into blindness” (18). At the far end of the paradox lies “Borges’s irony” (18) and his habit of breaking open all conceptions of totality even as he dreams them in their fiercest and most capacious forms. At the end of Basile’s gorgeous investigation and careful parsing of “The Library of Babel,” he arrives at Borges’s auto-ironic not-quite-nihilism: “there is no universe in the organic, unifying sense of that ambiguous word” (64). In an odd moment of vertigo that I associate with a lifetime of reading Borges, I noticed when I first read that quoted sentence — at the hinge of Basile’s book — that the passage was one I’d also quoted myself, at the conclusion of the “Brown” chapter I wrote for Jeffrey Cohen’s Prismatic Ecology in 2013 — a chapter and book that also marked a redoubling or intensifying of my own ecomaterialist turn.
The broken spine of my undergrad copy of Labyrinths
… almost infinitely richer …
Repetition looks different under a Borgesian lens. It’s not very strange that Basile and I, two American Borgistas, would quote the same resonant phrase. In its playful doubling of universal meaning, the phrase perfectly captures Basile’s argument about irony and totality; I used it to make a similar point about environmental identity and excess. But the echo worked on my imagination as I turned into the second chapter of Tar for Mortar, which moved from an explication of the experience of creating libraryofbabel.info and a comparative reading of “self-contradiction” in Borges and Nietzsche regarding the Eternal Return. Now I started to get suspicious, and I opened the title page of my mid-’80s copy of Labyrinths to the notes for what would become my final paper in that course: “the Eternal Return / see last pp. of ‘Garden.'” I didn’t know much about Nietzsche at that time — I would have benefited greatly from Basile’s cogent explication in this book! — but I foisted on James Irby at the end of that long-ago semester many pages of undergraduate Borgesiana, circling around Eternal Returns and paradoxes of space and time. I’ve long since lost the paper itself, but my memory is that he thought I should maybe read more Nietzsche, but he appreciated my enthusiasm for Borges.
There is no exercise of the intellect which is not, in the final analysis, useless.
Basile finds in Nietzsche and Borges examples of “text[s] at odds with [themselves]” (82). The ironic, self-negating core of both authors, and their common sources in the atomist tradition in philosophy, require what Basile wonderfully terms “a sly self-assurance when expressing themselves by means of contradiction” (86). In Nietzsche, the characteristic mode is aggressive “affirmation” (86) in the face of impossibility. For Borges, the characteristic turn exits pure philosophy for aesthetics and fiction: his muse-mouthpieces are not the prophet Zarathustra, but more literary figures, Don Quixote, or his not-translator Pierre Menard. Or perhaps his abiding figure occupies the ironic separation the Argentine author described between himself and “the other one, the one called Borges, … the one things happen to” (“Borges y yo” Irby trans. 246).
Fame is a form of incomprehension, perhaps the worst.
The third and shortest chapter of Basile’s book takes up a question, “In Which It Is Argued, Despite Popular Opinion to the Contrary, that Borges Did Not Invent the Internet.” It’s a smart, witty reply to misreadings of Borges as prophet of digital utopia. Basile makes a compelling case that Borges’s works display “the deferral of presence across several virtualities” (87) rather than an anticipation of digital mediation in multiple modes. He instead argues that the central idea in Borges reveals “the rupture of a ceaseless differing-from-self” (91). In wonderfully compact prose, Basile concludes with an image of Borges as exploring “the lack of totality, the finitude and uncertainty that plague even the grandest project of any cognition shuttling between uniqueness and iterability” (92). But the lingering image with which the book closes is not this conceptual split but “the corner of the smile that recognizes in this finitude the possibility of all play” (92.)
Notes from the 1980s
Every man should be capable of all ideas, and I understand that in the future this will be the case.
There are a few writers I loved obsessively as a boy — maybe it’s just Borges and Thomas Pynchon for whom I feel this level of intensity — to whom I return eagerly and also apprehensively, with the awareness that what I found in these authors indelibly marked my younger self. I read Borges today with teenage Steve on my shoulder, wondering what he made of these texts then and how they changed him. I wonder how that reading and thinking translated me from a long-ago New Jersey suburb to where I am now. (Actually, I live now in a Connecticut suburb, so maybe I’m not that far away, though the decades and detours feel immense and labyrinthine.) I’m grateful to Jonathan Basile for his rich and brilliant investigation of this writer who means so much to me. All Borgistas, or really anyone who cares about literature, language, and speculative thinking, should read this open-access book. And support punctum books!
[All quotations in bold from James E. Irby’s translation of “Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote”]
The final “elegant hope” of the narrator of “The Library of Babel” imagines some eternal traveler making infinite peregrinations through the Library who would in inhuman time “see the same volumes were repeated in the same disorder (which, thus repeated, would be an order: the Order” (Irby 58). An universal and cyclical library would suture the paradoxical combination of maximum iterability in linguistic signs, “a number which, although extremely vast, is not infinite” (54), and extension in physical space. Like Basile and like Borges’s narrator, I’ve been turning that possibility over in my head for a long time. I’m so pleased to have revisited it in the good company of Tar for Mortar. -
http://stevementz.com/tar-for-mortar-by-jonathan-basile-punctum/




Driving southbound on the derelict eastern shore of the Salton Sea, you arrive in Niland, California and keep driving on Main Street until it is no longer itself and past the famed candy colored now-cinematic Salvation Mountain you enter Slab City “The Last Free Place” where sign after handmade sign sirensong you to come “visit the library”, as if pleading. 
On a daytrip with my wife, son and a couple of friends, rather than just jump out and take photos and race away, I wanted to insist on some kind of exploring of the off-the-grid community, comprised of snowbirds, counterculture types, ne’er do wells and what-have-yous.  We left the blacktop and proceeded down a dirt road where more signs caution to slow down and not kick up dust—leaving the front end of Slab City rife with fancy rvs, motor homes and satellite dishes, the structures are decidedly more D.I.Y.—one favorite I recall was a fenced-in backyard made out of palm fronds. 
Jonathan Basile’s Tar for Mortar: “The Library of Babel,”libraryofbabel.info, and the Dream of Totality is a short text, but it contains great reaches inside. Basile takes strong cues from Derrida’s notion of ‘iterability’, which Derrida took to signify not just repetition as in ‘reiteration’ but as in every iteration is an alteration, or a modification of the same. For all the term’s slippage, Basile doesn’t use the word sloppily, and in fact its unpacking greatly illuminates his overall thoughts and project while working on Borges. The creator of libraryofbabel.info, Basile plays both its interpreter and apologist, explaining the limits of Borges’ brilliant thought experiment-cum-fiction and doesn’t shy away from not only approaching the daunting mathematics involved—another great read in this vein is The Unimaginable Mathematics of Borges’ Library of Babel by William Goldbloom Bloch—but more than others actually notices Borges’ grim sense of irony and works to explicate it.
While I was reading Basile I immediately thought of my trip to the Slab City Library—we pulled up out front (unfortunately but inevitably stirring up dust) and once inside the folks working the counter immediately stopped conversing (never a good sign). I smiled and said hello, doing my best to be unassuming and not pretentious and began to browse. The small house that is the library contains some few thousand books, possibly less, and they are in no order whatsoever. More than that, they were all weather-beaten, exposed to the elements (there was no back wall to the structure), sun-rotted and caked in dust. 
No one will know, or ever know, just what books are in the Slab City Library. 
I find Basile at his most endearing here: So I’ll conclude with a consideration of a trend in the recent criticism of Borges that I find in its most extreme forms highly suspect: the effort to cast him as a prophet of the internet and related digital technologies. Tough these critics may intend to pay homage to a visionary author, there is just as much in their work that suggests to me an ideology of technological progress, unable to mount a genuine engagement with Borges’ text or to achieve a critical distance from its own culture. 
Yes! While I of course ‘love’ Borges, I cannot stand hagiography, and the semi-worship made ready for the foreboding, blind prophet poet Borges does little to actually engage new readers in the way Borges probably wished to be read. I hate to sound Straussian, not that there is a ‘secret’ Borges (what would that even mean?), but at times the credulity of some when encountering the master (“The Master”) Borges could style himself has frustrated me—rather its his cheekiness, his boldness and yes slyness that wins one over and places Borges firmly in that artful realm of seeming untouchability. Basile poses his attack, if it is as strong as that, in a twofold manner: (1) a straight forward analysis and explanation of the real limits and contours of the Library of Babel, i.e. no mystification, no ellipses, no flashbang rhetorical smokebombs to duck and cover behind… and (2), a pivot on the ‘dreamness’ of it all, of its textual morphology in a certain Mobius strip type of way—to ‘get’ the point is to miss the point entirely!
But to return to ‘iterability’—the citationality of it all, “This universe in which all of nature becomes a vast library can be read as an allegory and foreshadowing of the deconstructive idea that there is no outside the text. Not in the naïve sense, of course, that we are dealing with a text only when we see something resembling a book, but rather in the broadened significance of generalized textuality—when we see how Borges expands the properties of iterability and dissemination to encompass all forms of existence. Within his library, taking some books from the shelves, we can find examples of the porousness of these pages, of the intertextuality showing us that both within and beyond the text is—other text.” Basile recognizes Borges’ desire to affirm the infinity of the Library but at the same time the tragic gesture of not being able to follow through, to represent, to think or to feel such a thing. At the heart of this, language’s attempts and failures at exhaustion, is iterability. This iterability allows Basile to demonstrate that despite the numerous punctuations of expression possible in the Library’s galleries, the atomism(s) involved in exploring just how pure difference can arise without referral to a prior essence of some sort are very prone to contradiction. Comparisons are made to Nietzsche’s “Eternal Return”—and while all this philosophy speak shouldn’t deter you, let it be said Basile never hits the reader over the head and is a faithful guide throughout the book. 
We drove away as shadows lengthened across the desert floor. Inside the library a mother and two small toddlers, dressed only in diapers, were covered in dirt and playing about with some children’s books. There’s very much a recognition that at Slab City, this is truly the ‘end of line’ for some people—if neurotic privileged petit bourgeois people like me can ever truly summon what the end of line for themselves or others could be. And yet, at that terminal, there is freedom, and Basile concludes (almost unfortunately, we wish for him to continue) there is an arrival in this ‘finitude’ with the virtuality of exhaustion into genuine play, and thankfully, play always defies the totality. - Trevor Jones
https://minorliteratures.com/2018/04/11/tar-for-mortar-the-library-of-babel-and-the-dream-of-totality-by-jonathan-basile-trevor-jones/


Jonathan Basile is pursuing a PhD in Emory University’s Comparative Literature program, and is also the creator of an online universal library, libraryofbabel.info. His non-fiction has been published in The Paris Review Daily, Guernica, and Electric Literature, and his fiction has been published in minor literature[s] and Litro. It goes without saying that his work is also available in the Library of Babel, if you know where to look.

Lisa Adkins - Speculative time is a time in which pasts, presents, and futures stand not in a predetermined or pre-set relation to each other but are in a continuous state of movement, transformation, and unfolding. Thus, in the time of securitized debt, futures may remediate not only the present but also the past

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Lisa Adkins, The Time of Money, Stanford UP, 2018.


Speculation is often associated with financial practices, but The Time of Money makes the case that it not be restricted to the financial sphere. It argues that the expansion of finance has created a distinctive social world, one that demands a speculative stance toward life in general. Replacing a logic of extraction, speculation changes our relationship to time and organizes our social worlds to maximize the productive capacities of populations around flows of money for finance capital. Speculative practices have become a matter of survival, and defining features of our age are hardwired to their operations—stagnant wages, indebtedness, the centrality of women's earnings to the household, workfarism, and more. Examining five features of our contemporary economy, Lisa Adkins reveals the operations of this speculative rationality. Moving beyond claims that indebtedness is intrinsic to contemporary life and vague declarations that the social world has become financialized, Adkins delivers a precise examination of the relation between finance and society, one that is rich in empirical and analytical detail.






Lisa Adkins’ new book, The Time of Money, is brilliant and, I think, extremely important. But I also find it quite perplexing in terms of its overall stance and motivation.
The basic argument of the book is that speculative financial operations are central to social life and experience today. Capitalism has moved from an extractive regime (generating surplus from exploiting labor) to a speculative regime (generating surplus from speculative financial transactions). In this way, finance is in no sense superstructural or extrinsic to the “real economy”; rather, it directly and entirely makes over the entire realm of the social. And in particular, financial speculation makes over our concept and experience of time. Under industrial capitalism, we experience time as a uniform and extrinsic measure: labor power is a commodity measured in units of time, and commodities in general are subject to universal equivalence through the socially necessary time of their production. But we are now, instead, subject to speculative time:
Time is not a thing that simply passes or that contains and orders events, nor is it something that moves in one direction or another, proceeding, for example, chronologically, progressively, or sequentially, with the past standing behind the present and the future unfolding from the now. Speculative time is a time in which pasts, presents, and futures stand not in a predetermined or pre-set relation to each other but are in a continuous state of movement, transformation, and unfolding. It is this form of time that belongs to the time of securitized debt. Thus, in the time of securitized debt, futures may remediate not only the present but also the past; the present and its relation to the past and the future may be reset in one action (via, e.g., index rolling); pasts and presents can be forwarded and futures and presents backwarded. It is, moreover, along the flows of these nonchronological pasts, presents, and futures, including their reordering and resetting and even their suspension, that channels for profit are yielded. In short, in the time of securitized debt, the time of profit lies in the nonchronological and indeterminate movements of speculative time.
This new sort of time is not only the time of derivatives and other arcane financial instruments; for it completely penetrates and transforms everyday experience as well. Individuals and households are now subjected to speculative time. It is no longer the case that wages compensate labor, and provide the basis for social reproduction (the old, Keyensian-Fordist model, under which the man’s labor provided for the commodity needs of the household, like food and shelter, while women worked inside the home in uncompensated domestic labor). Instead, wages are no longer sufficient to meet household needs, even if women as well as men enter full time into the workforce. Similarly, so-called “welfare reform” means that the state no longer provides necessities for the unemployed, but instead forces even people without jobs to engage in incessant, uncompensated labor.
For both the employed and the unemployed, and for both men and women, wages today do not provide enough to get by (enough for social reproduction), as they used to do in the Fordist era; instead, we are all required to use our wages for speculative investment, by accumulating debt as well as by enlisting what money we supposedly have in speculative schemes from which banks, realtors, etc. can draw more and more surplus. We are now continually indebted for life; financial institutions lend us more than we will ever be able to pay back, because they make their money not so much on the ultimate repayment of their loans as on the packaging and sale of these obligations in the form of derivatives, credit default swaps, etc. etc. I will never get my Visa debt, or my mortgage, down to zero; for one thing, I do not earn enough to pay down these debts in my lifetime, and for another thing, I am continually offered the prospect of rolling over and renegotiating these debts, which serves to perpetuate them ad infinitum. None of the financial institutions to which I owe these debts is interested in my paying them off and becoming debt-free; they would rather that I continue to pay them off without ever fulfilling my “obligation.” They make more money by buying and selling such accumulated debts, and their associated income streams of continual payments, than they ever would by getting me to pay back the principal.
In this way, the everyday experience of individuals and households, and the everyday money we use to buy basic goods and services, are entirely subsumed by, and subjected to, the speculative time of finance. This means that in the current regime of debt time is not emptied out, or deprived of a future, in the way that Lazzarato and other critics have claimed; rather, our experience of temporality is more intense and convoluted than ever before. We are compelled to live according to the speculative time of finance; we cannot simply remember the past and anticipate or project into the future, but must micro-organize every aspect of our lives, and of our temporal experience, in accordance with the never-completed and continually-reshaped necessities of debt servicing:
Such [repayment] schedules—operating for the waged, the employed, the unwaged, the jobless, the underemployed, and the unemployed—have not only rewritten the relationship between household and personal debt and income but tie populations across whole lifetimes to the movements of speculative time, a time in which the relationships between the past, present, and future are not fixed but open to constant adjustment. Contemporary debt, then, does not destroy time by tying populations to futures that can never be their own but opens out a universe in which they are tied to the indeterminate movements of speculative time. This is a time through and in which the productivity of populations is maximized via the flows and movements of money.
I find Adkins’ account compelling. She makes a powerful argument for the claim that speculative finance entirely and massively “rewrites the social.” This is clearly in tension with Marxist claims that are based in the primacy of roduction, and that understand financial instruments as “ficticious capital.” But in a broader sense, I find Adkins’ account still congruent with the larger Marxist understanding that social processes are based, “in the last instance,” upon the extraction and expropriation of a surplus generated in the course of human life activity (or what Marx called “species being” in his early writings, and specified in terms of productive activity in his later writings). I think that the expropriation and accumulation of a surplus is the most crucial point – which is why, for instance, I have never been troubled, as many orthodox Marxists have been, with something like Sraffa’s understanding of surplus extraction and accumulation. It is the extraction (or theft from the public) of the surplus that is crucial, whether this is understood in terms of labor commodified as labor power (Marx), of physical production (Sraffa), or of financial speculation (in Adkins’ model). And in the contrary case, it is this failure to recognize the expropriation of a surplus, in any of these modes, that characterizes bourgeois economics. [Right-wing populism sometimes denounces “parasites,” who can be bankers (presumptively Jewish), as well as welfare recipients (presumptively Black) and violent criminals (presumtively Latino), but it never offers a social and systematic account of surplus expropriation].
So from this point of view, I see Adkins’ understanding as a useful one, and indeed as a way of showing that financial activities are fully material processes, as against “the ongoing identification of money and finance as immaterial or superstructural phenomena,” as other Left theorists, such as Mauricio Lazzarato, have tended to claim:
contra Lazzarato, the emergence of such everyday forms of money as a nonrepresentational surface that must be put in motion and practices that ensure that the productive capacities of populations are maximized toward such speculative activities is neither immaterial nor does it operate outside of the coordinates of the social world.
I think Adkins is right that financial speculation is a fully material process, not a parasitic superstructure to the economy. Just as I find Sraffa as a useful supplement to Marx with his emphasis on physical production, I see Adkins as useful for her emphasis on speculative movement. This is despite the fact that, just as my worry with Sraffa is that his theory seems to offer no place for contemporary finance (circulation as itself a productive activity), so my symmetrically opposite worry with Adkins is that, even if we accept her contention about the centrality of financial speculation, she seems to write as if physical production didn’t exist at all any longer. When wages no longer allow for social reproduction of the individual or household, condemning people therefore to enter into endless speculative spirals of debt, isn’t this because people still need to obtain physical stuff in order to survive, or in order to maintain what Marx saw as the socially-defined level of subsistence (which is not the same as minimal physical subsistence, since it also includes, in the US for instance, such things as mobile phones)?
This limitation of Adkins’ theory is not in itself fatal — I accept that what she is writing about is indeed crucial, even if it is not total — but it leads me to the perplexity I mentioned at the start. Adkins’ tone is polemical, even vitriolically so, when she denounces other accounts of neoliberal economy and of financial speculation. She continually attacks “normative assumptions” such as the way that “the expansion of finance has been taken to be destructive of the future, to interfere with the proper flow of time, and to threaten to return us to previous, unenlightened eras.” While I understand Adkins’ desire to get away from “normative” ideas about temporality, I don’t see why she needs to make so extreme an opposition. I don’t think want to try to subsume these opposed images of time in some sort of Hegelian sublation, but I also don’t think they exclude one another as absolutely as Adkins says (I prefer to see it in terms of a Kantian antinomy, in which the opposed terms are mutually implicated, in a way that refuses any possibility of Hegelian sublation). She is quite positive in denouncing these other visions of futurity, but frustratingly vague in explaining the contrasting details of the speculative time of finance. Sometimes Adkins refers to the schedules of speculative time as “calendrics”; this puts me in mind of Yoon Ha Lee’s Machineries of Empire space opera trilogy, in which calendrics are the basic tools of imperial domination. As is so often the case with science fiction, Lee’s trilogy is much more detailed in its consideration of oppressive calendrics and how they might operate, than Adkins’ sociological text dares to be.
Adkins shows how time is produced in the current neoliberal regime of financial speculation, so that we are bound to a very powerful, if indeterminate and continually shifting and changing, sort of futurity. This is entirely in line with Foucault’s (and Deleuze and Guattari’s) idea that power is generative rather than repressive. But such an ordering — an enslavement, really, to contingency, possibility, and irreducible risk — is not really opposed to the idea of capitalist realism (Mark Fisher), according to which we cannot imagine a future that is in rupture from the ongoing neoliberal present. Rather, the two are conjoined. In what Deleuze calls the society of control (rightly cited by Adkins), we are continually indebted (rather than serially imprisoned in a series of institutions as was the case in the disciplinary society), but this perpetual indebtedness, while it binds us to a very particular set of obligations that entirely determine our future, can also be said to be denying us any difference in the future. We cannot imagine anything different from financial capitalism, because we cannot imagine anything different than a regime of continually metamorphosing futures which, for all their uncertainty, generate a surplus that financial institutions expropriate from us, while leaving us exposed to risks for which there is no social remedy (since the structures of the welfare state have been systematicaly dismantled). Our binding to complex nonlinear regimes of futurity is precisely what makes other senses of futurity impossible.
My puzzlement grows even further when I reflect how Adkins suggests that the speculative time of finance is closely akin to the speculative accounts of time that we find in contemporary feminist and new materialist philosophy (she specifically mentions Karen Barad, Elizabeth Grosz, and Iris van der Tuin, among others). But though she mentions this, she doesn’t follow up on the observation. The speculative temporalities advanced by these thinkers are intended to offer us liberatory alternatives to the oppressions of normative, linear clock time. Should we think instead that they are just accurate descriptions of our current mode of oppression? I have sometimes made this move with regard to Deleuze and Guattari; for instance, I have suggested that their notions of the rhizomatic, of smooth space, of micropolitics, etc., are not forms of liberation, but precisely the tools that allow us to apprehend how neoliberal power and exploitation operate. Nothing is more rhizomatic than contemporary finance capital, and nothing is more exploitative. Should we say the same for feminist and new materialist temporal speculation? Is there any alternative temporality at all, if it turns out that these supposedly liberatory accounts are really just mechanisms of finance capital? That is what Adkins implies. But she never quite comes out and says this. And of course, convinced as I am by her arguments, I nonetheless do not want to accept this grim conclusion. And we should also consider — although Adkins does not — the alternative, speculative temporalities proposed by Afrofuturists from Sun Ra to Rasheedah Philips, which refer both to the past and the future, against an oppressive present and against enslavement to linearity. Are these too merely expressions of the logic of financial speculation? Can speculative fiction be disentangled from speculative finance? This is the biggest question that Adkins leaves me with, and to which she does not offer any sort of answer. -
Steven Shaviro
http://www.shaviro.com/Blog/?p=1520




A Conversation with Lisa Adkins and Mike Michael About Social Futures

Anne Serre - Each sentence evokes a dream logic both languid and circuitous as the governesses move through a fever of domesticity and sexual abandon. A sensualist, surrealist romp

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Anne Serre, The Governesses, Trans. by Mark Hutchinson, New Directions, 2018.
excerpt


‘In a large country house shut off from the world by a gated garden, three young governesses responsible for the education of a group of little boys are preparing a party. The governesses, however, seem to spend more time running around in a state of frenzied desire than attending to the children’s education. One of their main activities is lying in wait for any passing stranger, and then throwing themselves on him like drunken Maenads. The rest of the time they drift about in a kind of sated, melancholy calm, spied upon by an old man in the house opposite, who watches their goings-on through a telescope. As they hang paper lanterns and prepare for the ball in their own honor, and in honor of the little boys rolling hoops on the lawn, much is mysterious: one reviewer wrote of the book’s “deceptively simple words and phrasing, the transparency of which works like a mirror reflecting back on the reader.”


‘Written with the elegance of old French fables, the dark sensuality of Djuna Barnes and the subtle comedy of Robert Walser, this semi-deranged erotic fairy tale introduces American readers to the marvelous Anne Serre.’ND


‘Anne Serre’s first work to be translated into English is a hypnotic tale of three governesses and the sensuous education they provide. Roaming the country estate of a staid married couple, Monsieur and Madame Austeur, Inès, Laura, and Eléonore are not exactly Jane Eyre types. Prone to Dionysian frenzies, they lounge naked in the sun or bound about like deer. Should any passerby fall “into the trap of their vast, lunar privacy,” they pounce upon, seduce, and devour him (“in a ladylike manner”) to sate their ungovernable desires.
‘These are no ordinary governesses, after all, and this is no ordinary country household. The governesses “wind up, all three, at the end of the afternoon when the garden is getting chilly, pressed up against the gates like dead butterflies,” waiting to seduce strangers who happen to walk by.
‘This could be the setup for a neo-pagan farce about the battle between Eros and civilization, but as Serre delves into the three women’s existence, the novel taps into deeper, quieter waters: the Keatsian twinning of joy and melancholy. “It was life itself advancing,” Monsieur Austeur thinks upon witnessing the governess’s mysterious arrival, while sensing that each of these hedonistic women harbors an unknowable secret and ineradicable sadness. He provides a sense of order to counterbalance their chaos, and indeed, the same could be said about the work’s steely prose.
‘Told in surrealist bursts, each sentence of this novella evokes a dream logic both languid and circuitous as the governesses move through a fever of domesticity and sexual abandon. Serre works in fairy-tale archetypes, but she subverts them, too. Monsieur Austeur is an ironic but benevolent figure of order and masculinity who calms the feverish longings of his women just by concentrating late at night in his smoking room. “He receives all these cries, these chirrups and yelps from the women and children of the house, and, shuffling them together in his heart, sends them back transformed, slow and steady like the signals from a lighthouse.”’ - collaged



“A cruel and exhilarating book. Anne Serre’s style is perfectly controlled. Colorful, by turns elegant and violent, it provokes that enchantment borne out of an unbridled imagination.”- Paula Jacques, Marie-Claire



Serre’s first work to be translated into English is a hypnotic tale of three governesses and the sensuous education they provide. Roaming the country estate of a staid married couple, Monsieur and Madame Austeur, Inès, Laura, and Eléonore are not exactly Jane Eyre types. Prone to Dionysian frenzies, they lounge naked in the sun or bound about like deer. Should any passerby fall “into the trap of their vast, lunar privacy,” they pounce upon, seduce, and devour him (“in a ladylike manner”) to sate their ungovernable desires. This could be the setup for a neo-pagan farce about the battle between Eros and civilization, but as Serre delves into the three women’s existence, the novel taps into deeper, quieter waters: the Keatsian twinning of joy and melancholy. “It was life itself advancing,” Monsieur Austeur thinks upon witnessing the governess’s mysterious arrival, while sensing that each of these hedonistic women harbors an unknowable secret and ineradicable sadness. He provides a sense of order to counterbalance their chaos, and indeed, the same could be said about the work’s steely prose. On the neighboring estate, an old, solitary man watches the voluptuous displays through a telescope, his omnipresent gaze at once leering, reverent and affirming. Serre’s wistful ode to pleasure is as enchanting as its three nymph-like protagonists. - Publishers Weekly (starred)


Three young governesses upend the staid marriage of their employers and abandon their charges for erotic adventures in this exquisitely strange, novella-length fairy tale.
Monsieur and Madame Austeur and their passel of young boys occupy a country house with their three governesses, Eléonore, Inès, and Laura. Across the way, an old man spies on the young women—who tease him with erotic tableaux—through his telescope. These are no ordinary governesses, after all, and this is no ordinary country household. The governesses “wind up, all three, at the end of the afternoon when the garden is getting chilly, pressed up against the gates like dead butterflies,” waiting to seduce strangers who happen to walk by. Told in surrealist bursts, this novella combines the dreaminess of Barbara Comyns, Aimee Bender, and Kathryn Davis with the fairy-tale eroticism of Angela Carter. Each sentence evokes a dream logic both languid and circuitous as the governesses move through a fever of domesticity and sexual abandon. Serre works in fairy-tale archetypes, but she subverts them, too. Monsieur Austeur is an ironic but benevolent figure of order and masculinity who calms the feverish longings of his women just by concentrating late at night in his smoking room. “He receives all these cries, these chirrups and yelps from the women and children of the house, and, shuffling them together in his heart, sends them back transformed, slow and steady like the signals from a lighthouse.” But when Laura becomes pregnant after one of her many trysts, Monsieur’s order is upended, and he must succumb to the roiling femininity of a house full of caretakers, mothers, and desiring young women. This is a fascinating fable about marriage, longing, and sexual awakening—about what can happen within the walls of a house when the barriers between nature and domesticity are stretched to their breaking points.
A sensualist, surrealist romp. - Kirkus Reviews


“A delightful sabbath.”- Libération
“The story, classical in appearance, soon jolts us out of our sleepy ways.” - Florence Sarrola, Le Monde


Donald Newlove - story of alcoholic Siamese twins who play jazz in trad bands in the '30s, then arrive on the Lower East Side of New York in the early '60s. Hilarious, gut-wrenching, verbally lyrical. one of the most ambitious American novels of the last fifty years.

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Donald Newlove, Sweet Adversity, Avon Books, 1978.



Sweet Adversity is easily one of the most ambitious American novels of the last fifty years. And if you weren’t reading new American fiction back in the late 1970s, you’ve probably never heard of it.

The only edition of Sweet Adversity ever released came out as an Avon paperback in 1978. Avon editor Robert Wyatt and author Donald Newlove agreed that Newlove would edit his two separate novels, Leo & Theodore (1972) and The Drunks(1974), into a single volume for this paperback release, recognizing, as Newlove wrote in his “Author’s Note,” that “The story loses scope and focus when halved into two books.” Newlove went so far as to say that he considered the original texts “now forever CANCELLED.” And Wyatt deserves special credit for convincing Avon to go to the additional expense of having new type set for Sweet Adversity rather than simply photographing the hardback texts.

But, as, effectively, a paperback original in a time when that was publishing’s equivalent of a “direct-to-disc” movie, it meant that no major paper or magazine reviewed Sweet Adversity.

And so what is already a heart-breaking book itself became something of a tragedy as it quietly vanished from the bookshelves with scarcely a notice.

And one might just leave it at that. It’s not the only good book to get forgotten, as this site continues to demonstrate.

But this book, for me, is something of a special case. For in writing Leo & Theodore and The Drunks, and then revising them into Sweet Adversity, Newlove achieved not only a remarkable artistic feat, but also an act of great personal strength, part of his recovery from decades of alcohol abuse.

In his memoir, Those Drinking Days: Myself and Other Writers writes that Sweet Adversity “sprang from my life’s earliest memory–my father dipping a kitchen match into a shot of whiskey and raising it out still burning.” Or, as captured at the very beginning of the book:

In a Riply bar he shows them a magic trick. He dips a lighted kitchen match into whiskey and lifts the blue flame out of the shot-glass unquenched. Marvel at the blue-dancing spirit on the glass!

Alcohol makes its appearance on the first page of Sweet Adversity and, from that point on, it is the dominant presence in the story. Dominant, that is, with the exception of Newlove’s protagonists, Leo and Theodore.

Leo and Theodore are Siamese twins, joined at the waist by a short band of flesh, blood, and nerve tissues.

Now, for many would-be readers, a 600-plus page novel about Siamese twins–particularly one coming out at a time when Tom Robbins, Richard Brautigan and Kurt Vonnegut were among the hottest names in new fiction–must have seemed like some kind of over-the-top fabulist work, full of exaggerated characters and absurd situations.

Instead, this is one of the most realistic books you’ll ever read. Almost too realistic, at points. “Nowhere has the green or red bile of hangover, piss, bleeding assholes, and d.t.’s been so carefully catalogued,” according to the Kirkus Review’s assessment of The Drunks.

Although Leo and Theodore are Siamese twins, almost no one in the book treats them as freaks–not Newlove and most certainly not their mother, Stella. Newlove notes, in a hundred different passages, subtle and not-so-subtle ways in which their connectedness affects how they live and perceive the world, but it is never his focus.

The narrative arc of Sweet Adversity very much follows that of the two original novels. In the first half, Leo and Theodore grow up in and around Cleveland during World War Two, discover girls and sex, learn to play instruments and fall in love with jazz, and witness the lovely and horrifying effects of drinking on people around them. And in the second half, they come hurtling down through all the ravages of alcoholism–the black-outs, vomit, unexplained bruises, lost jobs, seedy rooms, and shakes–until they hit bottom and begin to lift themselves back up with the help of Alcoholics Anonymous.

The first part of the book is a giddy celebration of the fine and destructive aspects of mid-West, mid-century American life. The boys work as soda jerks, take midnight swims, learn to smoke, make out with girls in the back of cars, sneak into movie theaters, fantasize about fighting Nazis, and watch their mother get punched by their alcoholic step-father. The raw energy of the time bursts through in Newlove’s prose, as in this portrait of a busy night at the soda parlor:

Racing with the moon! the juekbox boomscratches. Fulmer’s splits with smoke after King James cracks tiny Lakewood on the Friday night gridiron. Car herds roar Third. Fevered twins set up orders, spirits pitchforked. White-eyed Helene and Joyce wait table in a blue burn of uniforms. Wayne yawns in the back kitchen, roasting peanuts, steps out into the squeeze for tables, cries in the jukeblare, “Swill, you swine!” and goes back to his roasting oil.

Newlove’s style draws heavily upon James Joyce’s word-fusing (“the snotgreen … scrotumtightening sea”), and there are times throughout the book when the frenzy of the prose becomes close to unbearable. When I call this one of the most ambitious American novels, I don’t mean to suggest that the author’s technique always kept pace with his ambition. The worst comes somewhere in the second helf, when Teddy loses a tooth in the second half, and Newlove subjects us to page after page of lisped dialogue (“There’s thill a double order of chop thuey in that roach.”). It might be realistic but it isn’t interesting reading.

For all the over-sexed, over-adrenalined dumb teenager things Newlove has Leo and Theodore do in the first half of the book, there is never anything else than endearing and touching about the boys. Which is why reading the second half is such a heart-breaking experience. As he describes in Those Drinking Days: Myself and Other Writers, Newlove knew intimately the humiliations and illusions of a hard-core, long-term alcoholic, and the twins are not spared many of these. The New Yorker’sreviewer was not alone in considering this novel “probably the most clear-eyed and moving—and certainly one of the most honest—books ever written about alcoholics.”

Even with the editing Newlove did for Sweet Adversity, the book suffers from the intensity of the prose. Those Drinking Days, Newlove writes that, “The published volume was light-filled to bursting, enormously lively,” but adds, “and, for most readers unreadable without great attention to every syllable.” And perhaps this is one of the reasons why Sweet Adversity has been forgotten.

If so, it’s a lousy reason. An occasional word-glutted passage might deserve having a few points shaved off Newlove’s score, but given the unbelievable energy, passion and power of Sweet Adversity, there’s no good reason for this book to have been dismissed as a failure, and certainly not to have been so unfairly neglected. Donald Newlove and his twins are among the great fiery phoenixes in American literature.




Donald Newlove is the author of Leo and Theodore and The Drunks, novels published by Saturday Review Press in 1973 and '74, respectively, and republished together in paperback as Sweet Adversity by Avon Books in '78. These works tell the story of alcoholic Siamese twins who play jazz in trad bands in the '30s, then arrive on the Lower East Side of New York in the early '60s. One of the two -- Theodore, who also stutters and walks with canes -- decides to enter a 12 step program and sober up.

Hilarious, gut-wrenching, verbally lyrical and very well received when they first were issued, these books are now out of print and rather hard to find, as are Newlove's other novels: The Painter Gabriel, Eternal Life, Curanne Trueheart, and his "life study" Those Drinking Days: Myself and Other Writers. His celebration of dialogue from novels and the movies, Invented Voices is still available (from Henry Holt); he's also written First Paragraphs, selected from world literature, and Painted Paragraphs, about descriptive prose.

Newlove lives in Greenwich Village -- within sight of the Jefferson Market tower that's on the cover of Eternal Life. On the day of the JJA on-line chat he was on Cape Cod -- but anyway, he said he was reluctant to go on-line, that he's not been impressed by the level of discourse and fears being further distracted from his main activity, writing. But he didn't mind if I wrote up some notes.

"I can only think of about three examples of writing that works as music," Newlove said over the phone. "Kerouac's The Subterraneans reads like bop prose, which proves to be pretty hard to sustain. The first three or four pages of it sound like Lester Young playing saxophone -- the long run-on sentences. Of course Kerouac was conscious of that.

"Then there's an excerpt from Joyce, the chapter in Ulysses that begins 'Bronze by gold steely ringing." It's about a waitress in the window of a cafe, who hears a horse going by; that phrase describes the hoof irons. There's also the novel Napoleon Symphony, by Anthony Burgess: that imitates music. But a reader's interest in such imitation drops almost instantly.

"With Joyce, you go along with it for the many rewards. With Jack -- well, I was there when it was published, so the novelty of it and immediacy kept me interested. But he only created one character, Dean Moriarity in On The Road, and that was it. None of his other books have a Dean Moriarity, you know?

"Maybe giving the sense of music is easier in poetry. . . Vachel Lindsay's 'The Congo,' with the stanza endings 'boomlay, boomlay, boomlay, BOOM!' -- that's nice! I memorized that when I was in ninth grade."

Newlove has just finished revisions on his next novel, The Wolf Who Swallowed The Sun, which isn't yet sold. Is he still involved with jazz? Sure! He also keeps his trumpet at hand -- and played a few bars of pure melody over the phone at the end of our conversation. -- Howard Mandel





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Donald Newlove, Eternal Life: An Astral Love Story, Avon Books,1979.                    


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Donald Newlove, Those Drinking Days: Myself and Other Writers,  Horizon.

Who can resist the charms of literary tavern-talk, golden tongues loosened by the grape, etc.? Newlove can--to him it's all ""Drunkspeare,"" to him the pickled greats are ""grounded angels, each at his own uttermost extreme of Little Dreamland, waiting for that healing mist to settle on his cells."" From whence comes this chapped Inquisitor? From 25 years, to hear him tell of it, of booze down the throat, of self-deceit (""I lived in a stupor of guilt. . . during unguarded moments [I] would spot a disappointed hound in my eyes""). Child of alcoholic parents, Newlove sopped up his first bibulous education in upstate New York via the advertising and editorial pages of Esquire (""That magazine--it came poached in vermouth""). Hitches in the armed forces during the Fifties were both lightened and deadweighted by the accumulation of one after another ""Drunkspearian"" unpublished manuscript; marriages and children went by the by; and Newlove's body and mind steadily ""horripilated"" away. A long paragraph of mental and physical deficits is toenail-curling, as is a nightmarishly immediate recounting of the demonically-inviting but impossible process of writing while lit: ""This is it, I'm stuck at retightening unsprung sentences if I want this paragraph tuned like a Rolls. Something chokes and suddenly I'm all over the page fighting breakdown."" Anyone familiar with Newlove's fiction knows his almost buoyant capacity for shame--here, smacking his mother around when they'd both had too much; trying to review books that booze didn't let him first read; ""Stalinism"" against the less resolute, while early on the wagon. But when, in the book's second section, he goes after other famed ""Little Dreamland""-ers--Robinson, Lowry, Kerouac, Jack London, O'Neill, Lewis, Berryman, Lowell, Tennessee Williams--your first reaction may be to stand back. ""Genius is no excuse for self-destruction. . . the illness is ego, with its intolerance, hatred of change and resistance to getting well, grandiose talk and behavior."" They would have all written better sober, Newlove hasn't a doubt. Narrow and starchy? A little--but having put himself already primus inter pares in the failing, Newlove's curt judgments are never easy to dismiss: they've got a survivor's zeal. Add to that the popping prose, the excitement of the resurrected, and you've got a book bound to make any reader more than a little uncomfortable--which is probably its very aim. - Kirkus Reviews


YOU like the note of cheery nostalgia and companionship in the title of Donald Newlove's ''Those Drinking Days: Myself and Other Writers''? Come closer and feel the knuckles of his prose split the lip of your delight. ''About midnight I'd get a second wind at the typewriter and ride a red wave of vino into the city silence. About three in the morning a page snarls hopelessly. I'm all tangled ankles, haggard with wrong words. Surely five minutes rest will clear my mind, then I'll get the nits out of these snarls and go to bed. I melt into the kitchen linoleum for five minutes, planning to get up refreshed, hit that sentence and breeze off to bed. At six or seven in the morning I detach my crusted cheek from the floor and in the mirror eye my waffled new face, some dented, misshapen Dane weighing his fate. I don't see a drunk. I see a beast in the first-light.''
Yes indeed. Donald Newlove, the lyrical novelist who wrote ''The Painter Gabriel,''''Sweet Adversity'' and ''Eternal Life,'' is by his own agonized confession an alcoholic who used to wake up ''with a Zulu spear through my brain and eyes like carpets the wine has dried in.'' He drank for about 25 years, spent some five years getting sober with the help of Alcoholics Anonymous, and has not touched booze for almost 10 years. A Scribe for 'Drunkspeare'
He is here to tell us in ''Those Drinking Days'' that as long as he was writing under the influence of alcohol he was nothing but the scribe for a character he calls Drunkspeare, who ''fed in a naked boneyard, gnawing away with an eye for the toothsome maggot, and grew strong on horror - a fearless seeker of the ugly and loathsome, to confirm his power to drink up the worst that life could offer.''
Mr. Newlove writes that he didn't intend ''Those Drinking Days'' to be a lecture, except to himself. But my goodness! He does shake a finger thither and yon. Of Jack Kerouac's career, he writes ''that the greatest writing is made out of loneliness and despair magnified by booze is an idea for arrested adolescents.'' James Joyce's ''Finnegans Wake'' is ''a great bubble of ruby-red exhalations of spirit, and Joyce himself, in Ellmann's great biography, examples the classic evasions, self-deceits, and symptoms, including his brick-red drinker's face and death by ruptured ulcer.''     
Of Hemingway: ''Crazy folks shouldn't drink, it's like throwing gasoline onto a banked fire.''''For my money, his books go straight downhill after 'A Farewell to Arms' and 'Winner Take Nothing,' aside from the magnificent reprieve of 'The Old Man and the Sea' and most of 'A Moveable Feast.''' On Faulkner: He ''had a writing peak that lasted for about eight years, during his thirties.''''He wrote for twenty-two more years, but his brain was stunned - not that you could tell it by looking at him. What we get from his later decades is the famous mannered diction, senatorial tone, a hallucinated rhetoric of alcohol full of ravishing musings and empty glory. Dead junk beside the cloudburst pages of his thirties.'' Act of Self-Therapy
Well, I'm not about to pick an argument with Mr. Newlove. His book is too courageous and dazzling an act of self-therapy to quarrel with. If I were to ask him for the less glamorous reasons he took up drinking - or if I were to note that he always seemed to go on his worst benders whenever he got near his mother - he would simply cite the passage in which he writes, ''After long exposure to the soft punch of alcohol, drop, drop, drop, drop, drop, the original reason for drinking gives way to the craving: you drink because you want it and need it, drink because you drink. No alibi is needed, either medical, artistic or religious: the illnes is ego'' - '' diseased, alcoholic ego.''
All the same, one almost envys how much Mr. Newlove has been able to put into his bottles. To say that ''you drink because you drink'' makes for a wonderfully absolute view of human behavior. His powerful and frightening book persuades us that the main point for an alcoholic is to admit his or her affliction and forswear liquor. But ''Those Drinking Days'' also makes us wonder if there isn't something to learn about yourself after you've given up drinking. - Christopher Lehmann-Haupt


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Donald Newlove, Curranne Trueheart, Doubleday Books, 1986. 

Self-conscious wisecracks and barely credible incidents aside, this plunge into the mind of a madwoman thoroughly engrosses the reader. Initially, it seems that thrice-institutionalized Curanne will find her way back to sanity by marrying Jack Trueheart and bearing his child, and that when Jack stops drinking he will give her the help she needs. But his love for Curanne, even when she betrays and slanders him, blinds him to the charade she is acting out of faithful wife and caring mother. Her fantasies are immense: incest with her father, drowned long ago; lesbian affairs with her sisters, her mother, even her child; transference to her baby of her tortured desire to be free of responsibility. As reality becomes increasingly unbearable for her, Jack tries frantically to save Curanne, and the last several chapters raise a masterful curtain of paranoia, ending in tragedy. This book is justified in the risks it takesit may not appeal to every reader, but will dazzle those willing to persist. - Publishers Weekly

Long, riffling, energized, irrepressibly lyrical, a new slice of Newlove's fictional universe of human damaged goods. Jack Trueheart is a guttering 50's-era newspaperman and unpublished novelist--a drunk, too--living with his mother in the tiny upstate New York town of King James. In the library one day, he meets Curranne--a sort of local legend: who as a girl had a spectacularly public mental breakdown; and who has broken down more thereafter, between two marriages, two sets of children. Who this day in the library has returned to live with her mother, having been released only a day before from a Washington, D.C., mental hospital (where she got to know Ezra Pound, picking up some of his loony economic theories, which she personalizes into an obsession with Nelson Rockefeller, who is sexually dominating her through the use of brain waves). But, even in this barely mended state, the day she encounters Jack turns out to be a banner one for both; they find their ""cracks match."" Whirlwind sex leads to pregnancy and marriage: Jack stops drinking, goes to A.A., loses his newspaper job but finds himself scrambling with new confidence, fortified by Curranne's whacked-out courage and unflinching honesty. The novel's first half--Jack and Curranne's first months together, crises and soothings--has the upthrust of a wave; the improbability of the couple is its sanction. Jack and Curranne fight, make up, worry, fear yet allow each other no easy illusion, no sense of superiority; the birth of their daughter Avon rings additional biological/psychological changes on the two of them, fragiley terrifying. Then this idyll-of-ordeals is interrupted by a middle section in which are introduced some vaguely mirroring other characters: among them Leopolda, an ex-alcoholic like Jack but also a trained therapist, who institutes a local group-therapy circle (including some halfway-house patients from the nearby asylum). The pages aren't successful; they bog down in clinical-session dialogues that are too mazey, too much the water-wheel wordiness that is Newlove's Achilles' heel as a writer. It passes, though--and Curranne's fated tragedy proceeds. The long fights against her devils (she's one of fiction's most attractive examples of the dignities and talents of madness) come up ultimately empty. Jack's own sad-sack equability can't save her, nothing can--and she descends (literally) once and for all. Pathos but not sentimentality is sovereign here--but the book seems as impressive for its poetic stamina (Newlove will throw away sentences other writers build whole chapters around), its air of utopian daze, and its paradoxical vision of the success of failure. - Kirkus Reviews

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Donald Newlove, Helen's Ass Strikes Homer Blind!, 2011.

As with Pirsig’s Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance and Hofstadter’s Godel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, this work challenges us to understand genius. Helen’s Ass Strikes Homer Blind! tells of the élan vital of genius as seen in Newlove’s two late friends, both geniuses — poet Jack McManis and Dr. Nathaniel David Mttron Hirsch. Inspired verse fills the first half of this short work while the second half lifts off into scientific and philosophic rapture unlike that in any book you may know. It first follows Jack’s daunting recovery from alcoholism and sobriety’s fresh charge to his verse. Dr. Hirsch, author of Genius and Creative Intelligence, reveals the propulsion of human genius through the genes. His unpublished trilogy on Metabiology grounds itself in the meta-consciousness of the human spirit lodged in the genes and the incline that bears it forward like a Bach fugue.




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Essential Newlove
No easy choices here. Newlove has five main fields: Novels about art and artists; writing guides for writers and readers; a trilogy of Hollywood novels; autobiography that focuses on alcoholic writers and recovery from alcoholism; and a work on philosophy and metabiology. Our offerings in the Handbook series and the Hollywood novels are described on separate pages (see tabs under Newlove’s link above.) Otego Publishing also currently offers:BLINDFOLDED BEFORE THE FIRING SQUAD, OR THE BROTHERS KIRKMAUS
A LITERARY TREAT from start to finish. Blindfolded Before the Firing Squad, or The Brothers Kirkmaus bares the lives of the brothers Fyodor and Rogo Kirkmaus, long time reviewers for Kirkus Reviews, the book review journal read throughout the English-speaking world.
Rogo and Fyodor write novels themselves, often in the tones of Leo Tolstoy or Fyodor Dostoevsky. But they support themselves reviewing weekly stacks of galleys of forthcoming fiction and non-fiction. The years have gone by and for a memoir with this book’s firing-squad title the aging brothers rake through decades of their reviews and write the very pages of Blindfolded Before the Firing Squad as you read them. The reader swims in early real Kirkus reviews of Hemingway, Thomas Wolfe, Tom Wolfe, William Faulkner, Margaret Mitchell, J. D. Salinger, Joyce Carol Oates, Stephen King, Robert Ludlum’s Bourne novels, and works by many other famous lights. Special treats lie in essays on Anglo-Saxon prose, Graham Greene, Ernest Hemingwulf, and on the downslide in earnings of Henry James who on one new year’s eve late in life found himself with 26 books in print and a zero bank balance. Writing does turn on money, not just art. The novel enlivens its pages as well with artwork and dozens of entertaining photos.
Rogo, something of a pale criminal, makes a Faustian bargain with the planet’s publishing colossus, Alexander Buda Sugarman, who sucks up book companies as so many chilled fresh Oysters Rockefeller. Many readers will find in Sugarman rich Hungarian echoes of Orson Welles in full throat. Poor Sugarman! He’s a widower but pursued by the ghost of his late wife Ayn Rand, who spurs him into his stranglehold on world publishing. He believes he finds her reincarnated in Fyodor’s wife Nastasya Filipovna, though some may find Nastasya far from Ayn Rand and more like the tragic heroine of Dostoevsky’s The Idiot.
Much of the novel takes place in Manhattan’s Strand Book Store and its Rare Books Room and draws into its web many very, very lightly disguised figures that drown daily in this world-class kingdom of second-hand books. What’s more, the novel reveals and leads you into the Strand’s secret subbasement catacomb where the bones of thousands of penniless Manhattan writers lie at rest, watched over by a blind hunchback not too distant from Notre Dame’s Quasimodo.
Do not miss the scene in chapter four at The Time Café where Rogo sells his soul to Sugarman amid tables full of American authors familiar to all who have also sold their souls.
DOWNPOUR
DOWNPOUR, a sexually intense short novel, is set in the early sixties on Manhattan’s Lower East Side during an April in which it rains every day of the month and floods the city –a true event. As retold by a down-at-heels 35-year-old writer, the story takes place amid a sexual revolution in child-rearing. A young mother tries to raise her children guilt-free in a sexually frank home much in line with a revolutionary work in child-rearing from England called Summerhill, which in the sixties created a following by youthful parents in the States. Much larger spiritual issues lurk in the subtext.
Gypsy, the heroine, is a 23-year-old philosophy grad and pursuer of Jungian analytic psychology who has fled her husband in California and hides out with her two children on the Lower East Side. Along with her bright mind and the fresh joy of the love-making, the story’s great strength lies in description and mood-setting and—as its five chapters rise step by step off the earth—a gathering sense of being on track toward heartbreak on an Edenic scale. And so we have the massive downpour and flooded streets as backdrop to a spiritual drama.
HELEN’S ASS STRIKES HOMER BLIND! or THE GREAT MEMORY
Helen’s Ass Strikes Homer Blind! tells of the élan vital of genius as seen in two of Newlove’s late friends, both geniuses — poet Jack McManis and Dr. Nathaniel David Mttron Hirsch. It first follows with inspired verse Jack’s daunting recovery from alcoholism and celebrates sobriety’s fresh charge to his poetry. The second half lifts off into scientific and philosophic rapture as Dr. Hirsch reveals the propulsion of human genius through our genes, and the higher source of that propulsion.
As with Pirsig’s Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance and Hofstadter’s Godel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, Helen’s Ass Strikes Homer Blind! offers a one-of-a-kind reading experience. Jack McManis, a genius of 200-plus IQ, falls into madness, and then undergoes recovery through the agencies of Dr. Hirsch and Alcoholics Anonymous.
Dr. Hirsch meanwhile has published five books about experimental studies in heredity. These bolster his credentials as a scientist while his Genius and Creative Intelligence surges toward the philosophic plane he later reveals in his unpublished three-volume masterwork Metabiology. Hirsch’s metaphysics of biology leaps with deep originality to heights that few scientists or philosophers have sought. He tells of the brotherhood of genius as a higher form of life embedded on and given wing by genetic protein. Aside from Lucille Hirsch, his wife, I alone have the outline for this work. Metabiology offers as well a visionary sense of time and chance and many like subjects dear to philosophy. As with other geniuses, Dr. Hirsch knew he’d be seen as a crackpot, which he took as a high honor, for only those with pate cracked wide can receive the supersensible.
Helen’s Ass Strikes Home Blind! weighs the great bonding of Jack and Dr. Hirsch. In large part, Jack and Dr. Hirsch speak for themselves. Below are two of Jack’s verses, the first written while an active alcoholic, the second in mid-recovery. Jack’s drunken verses coat the tongue; his sober verse gives the heart a brain.
THE DUSTY MILLER
the dusty miller will eat
the worn carpet flowers
in my furnished room.
WILLIAM MARTIN OF LOCK HAVEN
1905-1971
William Martin had the gift of hands
laid on the sick-in-soul to make the soul well.
One night he placed his hand on my head and I
came out into light as though just born from the womb
of that void’s interminable nothingness
I’d laid in forever, too terrified to turn or cry out.
I didn’t believe in the laying on of hands
and I’m not sure I believe now, but I remember
as if it is happening and maybe it is —
William Martin’s gift of hands and how he dissolved
an infinity of darkness with a touch of his hand.
COMING SOON FROM OTEGO PUBLISHING:The Donald Newlove Edition of the COLLECTED POEMS OF JACK McMANIS with Selected Letters and a Revised and Enlarged Symphony of Brain Damage Papers (Fall 2012)
TRUMPET RHAPSODIES & Other Pieces of Time
Inventions, revisions and riffs based on magazine articles about famous people, first published in the Sixties and Seventies, every word now improved in a self-portrait featuring real writers and artists, nearly all of them dead, showing the author’s recovery from the illness of youth and meant to be read from first page to last as an autobiographical novel. Featuring Robert Lowell, fantasy artist Frank Frazetta, Samuel Beckett, Andy Warhol, Joseph Campbell, Fred Bass and the Strand Book Store, Gordon Lish, Raymond Carver, Edgar Allan Baudelaire, Elizabeth Lowell, Lana Turner, Pablo Neruda, Tennessee Williams, Cynara Rosewine, Coleman Hawkins, Elwood Babbitt, Jack McManis, Nancy Newlove, Donald Newlove and the author’s bruised mother.
This is a kind of autobiography of my early days as a writer and of my search for a language that trumpeted my youth. All texts have been revamped with inventions and variations that rhapsodize beyond the original scores to sing with improved art. The story “Superman Meets Captain Fiction” was written for this book and has never before seen print. Nor has “Taps”, written sixty years ago, or the poem “Elegy for Bean” written with Jack McManis.. — DN
BEAUTIFUL SOUP & OTHER WORKS OF MEMORY
This book features four works of fiction. The short novel herein of Beautiful Soup, in some ways my ideal version of that story, brings this piece as close to perfection as I can make it. (This version also appears on Kindle in Perfection: A Guide to Finishing a Work and Abandoning It Forever, which has five variations on the story.) The short novel Between Lives novelizes my play of the same name and I greatly enjoyed perfecting it as a short novel. The play version appears in Pleasures of the Night. The novel and the play and feature my late friend the actor-restaurateur Patrick O’Neal and Sir John Gielgud on a Hindu plane bound for Nirvana. Greta Garbo plays Gandhavati, their lissome flight attendant for Final Purification Airlines. The stories “Taps” (1954) and “Mount Zion” (2008) were written more than fifty years apart. “Mount Zion” links with “Taps” and with my ongoing love for the Russian master Tolstoy and more than ever for his short novel The Death of Ivan Illych — indeed, I call myself Ivan Illych in “Mount Zion” It’s great fun getting in the ring with Tolstoy — he was forty-eight when he wrote his story and I eighty writing mine. He beats me flat in every way but metaphysics.
THE THREE-HEADED PET DOG
The Three-Headed Pet Dog offers often long poems about people—Greta Garbo, Matthew Brady, Whitman, Chekhov, Poe, Marilyn Monroe, God the Poet, Rilke on his death bed, Annie Proulx, Garrison Keillor, Deborah Digges and others—and then a handbag of spirited serenities and sexy stuff such as “Love on the Night Lawn” and Newlove sharing the shower with his wife and Cleopatra and Ava Gardner. It offers as well the author’s four translations (or performances) of German verse by Paul Celan and Rilke. The longest poem, an elegy for Deborah Digges, shows her spirit as her three-headed pet dog Cerberus leads her from childhood into the underworld of poetry, mortality, midlife griefs and suicide. It is a poem of subtle strength with memorable rewards as Digges’ life grows and the poem’s mythic energy builds.
This is Newlove’s lone book of poems, plucked from over fifty years of writing. Another memorable poem is the large opening poem “Monarch” about the lives of Monarch butterflies which gives the reader the wondrous sense of endless rebirth. Come fly with me, the poem beckons.
THE PAINTER GABRIEL
Reviews for the hardcover 1979 edition:
(Now available revised and illustrated on Kindle)
THE NY TIMES SUNDAY BOOK REVIEW— Nora Sayre (full page)
. . . In Donald Newlove’s extraordinary novel, men and women are New York’s creatures as much as they are one another’s, even as they huddle tribally in the East Village, in the kind of dormitory-living that deepens mutual dependence . . . Mr. Newlove has a magnificent ear for every scale of language, from conviction to confusion, and he’s also deft with paradox. There’s a girl Scientologist (“I can’t lie to myself if I’m using a lie detector, can I?”); a truly white Negro who vows that he’s black and is hooked on Confessionalism; a Pole with a Hungarian name whose inflammable apartment is stuffed wall to wall with old issues of this newspaper and the News, which—unaware of microfilm—he’s devotedly cross-indexing and means to ship to the University of Warsaw Library. . . and Rosalie, who’s decoding Robert Browning—not only because he’s God, but because his poems reveal plots to murder Elizabeth Barrett Browning: “He couldn’t stand her, she was sick all the time.”
. . . Gabriel is a transcendental painter who gives the others a contact high. Wanting to see angels and to be one, he struggles with his own God-bothering: a brand of Whitmanesque blue-doming, lashed with some rather reluctant Christianity. For Gabriel, madness and divinity are the compost for art, so he risks losing his head for a “reintegration of psychosis.” Meanwhile, as a moderate sado-masochist, he yields his “thirst for chastity” to an occasional binge; to him, the women concerned seem like snakes or whores. Still, perhaps sex ”is as close as we get to God, this side of Bellevue.”
. . . Released after landing in Bellevue, he lives affectionately but warily with Rosalie, who is temporarily switched off Browning and onto Mobilization for Youth. Although she’s a profound schizophrenic, Gabriel is hopeful that they “can get well together.” His spiritual thoughts have dwindled but he misses his delusions. Love means “regaining your lost possessions, everything that you left behind in paradise.”
This constantly comic and (very) painful novel grows and acts upon you—in the best sense, it’s demanding. . . and if you live in Manhattan anything short of raving hardly sounds eccentric. . . It’s immensely moving and Newlove’s illustrations of far-flung religious impulses are just as absorbing and disturbing as they ought to be.
TIME Magazine– Robert Hughes (author of Goya)
Nether sections of Avenue B provide the Boschian landscape of hell. All of these horrors, lit by the glare of burning cars and the flash of pot or amphetamine, are the backdrop of one of the best fictional studies of madness, descent and purification that any American has written . . .Donald Newlove clearly set out to write a first novel about demoniac society. He has combined a morality play and grimoire , or devil’s hornbook, in which every creature is experienced with hilarious and dreadful concreteness.
. . . Gabriel is a prey to tumescent, Blakean mysticism, and an example of the outsider used as a corrective lens through which human absurdities may be studied. In the country of the loon the creative loon is king . . . amid clusters of amiable freaks, all of whom, like him, define a precarious balance by opposing their craziness to the paranoia of the outside city. . . Many of Newlove’s human inventions swell like bullfrogs from the sheer pressure of his linguistic vitality. . . Beside Gabriel the Best heroes of heroes of ‘50s fiction look not merely anemic but ignorant. Gabriel, simply, is romanticism cubed: “Scrape your brain bare, like a battery electrode, expose your nerves like a bush of copper. Get ready to sing or die. Or maybe both! And all this out here, these roofs and smokestacks, will turn into light—and you’ll see right through them—because they’ll no longer be necessary to support the illusion of our lives.” . . . Newlove’s muddy, inflamed picaresque novel is a remarkable performance.
LOS ANGELES FREE PRESS– Michael Perkins
Magnificent Madness on City Streets . . . It’s all real, folks, and presented with the “Vermeer-like clarity” Newlove says was his objective—an aspect of the book which might be missed, the language is so rich, the word-play so fine, and religion, mysticism, madness and revelation so prominent in the speech of its characters . . . a sometimes difficult, always demanding, extraordinary work of art, apocalyptic in subject and masterly in execution, as if Vermeer had undertaken to paint the hideous figures of Bosch.
. .. all the cruelties of the city are magnified in a Bosch hellscape, figures whose conversations dwell on heaven at almost every point, like angels dancing above the flames engulfing the monster city. Their talk . . . keeps the toes just above the fire but they end up in Bellevue, that fortress of death and madness which serves the Lower East Side. The painter Gabriel, who in the beginning is painting a canvas of the city burning, a vision which came to him in an intensity of mystical feeling, wants the angel’s charge.; and finally attains it in the eyes of a loved one gone mad. Donald Newlove has taken our mutually shared lower East Side and transformed it into a field where good and evil, devils and angels dwell, and he does it magnificently. -https://otegopublishing.wordpress.com/donald-newlove/essential-newlove/




Harvey Thomlinson - an experimental novel set in a depressed factory town in the far North East of China. The novel uses a linguistic strategy which aims to subvert expectations about the correspondence between syntactic and semantic structures.

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Harvey Thomlinson, The Strike, Lucid Play Publishing,2018.


Ground breaking and important…should become one of the most analyzed techniques in literary fiction. -- Experimental Writing

This unconventional text while reminiscent of the Dadaists word games, experimental poetry, and William Burroughs's work using cut-ups is, in the end, a unique entity unto itself... -- Ray Fracalossy

The Strike vividly explores a season of crisis in the lives of Old Yu and Little Xu, two outsiders in an ice-bound Chinese border town riven by an illegal strike. Caught up in the upheaval, guilt-ridden Old Yu embarks on a reckless journey to find the rebellious woman he betrayed, before it's too late. Meanwhile, lonely young drifter Little Xu enters into a dangerous relationship with a stranger on the run.
The Strike stands out as a novel that is both experimental and dealing realistically with real world events in an engaged way. The new use of syntax the novel pioneers is a method the author, a translator, uses to shake up the synapses of readers in a way that can deliver new perspectives on the nature of reality. Linguists and psychologists, literary critics and readers will find this to be a stunning new revelation of possibility.



"This unconventional text while reminiscent of the Dadaists word games, experimental poetry, and William Burroughs' work using cut-ups is, in the end, a unique entity unto itself. Don't expect traditional sentence structure or punctuation. A challenging but satisfying novel for those looking for something at the very cutting edge of different." Ray Fracalossy -- Tales from the Vinegar Wasteland

 "The Strike, about underground protest in China, which is now OUT from from Lucid Play Publishing in the US. Harvey is best known as a translator of novels by rebellious Chinese writers like Murong Xuecun and Chen Xiwo. His own innovative writing has attracted attention for its adventurous writing style, particularly sentence structures. Harvey also runs Make-Do Publishing, a press which specializes in fiction from Asia." -- Asia Books Blog

"The term “writing” is an archaic thing. What should the new term be? THE STRIKE does not reveal that, but confirms that term “writing” needs to be trashed. We should not be “writing” but crafting tools like THE STRIKE to capture and develop readers that are not afraid to be challenged to think, and that are not willing to again be lulled into the usual dull unconscious pseudo-sleep that what the media calls “writing” leads to today.

Such is the goal of all “big media” today, not just writing, but; THE STRIKE, works as an effective tool to avoid that trap. Every sentence challenges the reader to step up, think, and stay awake. And at the end, the rewards prove to be much more than great. Words prove cheap when describing this book.

The best description lies in the experience, but here’s a taste; “Since his father had taught him as a child to write words until now he came to the river daily.” or, “The old world is falling apart.” Amen, quite true, but these excerpts are just crumbs. Oder the whole meal now; pick up a copy of THE STRIKE." --Jim Meirose, Le Overgivers au Club de la Resurrection

"'Most writers reveal characters’ thoughts and provide descriptions in isolation. For instance, one paragraph will revolve around a character’s feelings and then the next paragraph will describe the setting. Thomlinson, though, takes a more fluid approach, weaving together the external and internal in a single sentence.” -- Kate Findley, Tilt-a-Whirl
“Like that of Gertrude Stein, the writing in Thomlinson’s The Strike ruptures ordinary syntax to create a jarring reading experience.... What emerges is a compelling narrative inextricably connected to its creative telling, replete with a beautiful, poetic layer woven into the experimental syntax.” - Krysia Jopek, Maps and Shadows 







The Strike, an experimental syntax novel by Harvey Thomlinson published January 2018.
The Strike is an experimental novel that takes the reader into a different state of consciousness through syntactical experimentation. When a protest breaks out at the electricity works in an ice-bound border town, a retired worker is drawn back into his past and a journey towards the woman he betrayed.
The strike affects a range of characters from hotel sex workers to cops, political fugitives, union bosses, matinee players, corrupt mayors, and border traders. The story grew out of a visit that Harvey made to a Sino-Russian bordertown during a moment of social breakdown that was never reported in the media.
The novel’s new use of syntax is a method Harvey’s used for years to create a kind of idioglossia that shakes up the synapses of readers in a way that can deliver new perspectives on the world and the nature of reality. The aim, though, may be understood as a traditional novelistic one of helping readers to feel the whole world of a novel and the meanings it contains.
Originally from the UK, Harvey is best known as a Chinese to English Literary translator who has translated the likes of Murong Xuecun and Chen Xiwo. Harvey’s translations have been published in New York Times, the Guardian and by publishers like Allen & Unwin.  His own innovative writing has appeared in places like Exclusive Magazine (US) and Tears on the Fence (UK). The Strike gained some underground reputation as excerpts were featured in journals in the UK and US but now the whole novel will be available at last from Lucid Play.​
Meanwhile Lucid Play has also acquired world rights to Harvey's novel-in-progress The Sentence which takes the experiments with syntax still further and is currently scheduled for publication in August 2018.





​Excerpt 1. The Strike

Mrs Zhang was depressed purple leaves scattered along austere avenue because the wind was strong few of her friends were in the park. She came here every morning although this winter was severe to do her exercises required suffering. Walking with her bag of vegetables east of the crematorium there was always a wilderness.

All their group's chat that early morning rusted pagoda turned around the strike. Mrs Liu had heard from her nephew at the Bright Moon electricity plant they reached and stretched. A bird started amid frozen winter foliage Mrs Zhang looked worried remembering long ago violence by the Suifen river.
According to Mrs Liu as the earth moved round the sun the Bright Moon workers had already marched to People’s Square.

Later Mrs Zhang almost flew up seven flights of stairs to warn her husband of many decades Old Yu in the kitchen the television marked time. After moving to this new apartment two years ago light probed weakly from the balcony spring festival ribbons still fluttered.
Old Yu have you heard what’s happening?
These days she didn't know whether he heard things eating soup noodles in their small kitchen they lived often as not.

Excerpt 2. Waking

She was Xu Yue lay on her side to stay asleep the sheets had crawled up her thighs a day yet to penetrate. When her eyes opened she couldn’t breathe sometimes they turned up the heating so high she saw chairs with spaces inbetween.

Across the morning her legs stretched remotely sensations stirred last night’s clothes piled on the bed. Because it was Saturday there was no hurry to move a dirty plate on the floor unless she wanted to. She stayed there lazily enjoying the soft pillow in her mind dusty light sparkled like emotions.

Time pressed these dim paint walls flat as thoughts a dead moth. Across the scratched old dresser she saw emptied out clutter from her bag at the same time her roommate seldom stayed over.

After a while she stood up and stretched with faint hopefulness the gap in the red curtains let in the pale sun.
The light shimmied throughout the twenty-third floor she remembered her nervous client last night at the Far East Hotel. After rejoining the ladies at Jade Heaven they’d all finished a bottle of snake wine laughing at her description of the stranger's anxious behaviour the night had flown by.

She looked out across the misty sea of winter-weathered apartment blocks half a galaxy from her village she lit a first cigarette.





The Border Trader
                                                             (Extract from Chapter 12 of The Strike)

He wondered whether he was dreaming. The sticks persisted at nearer intervals in the empty blueness voices. The door sprang open unexpectedly Vladimir and Dmitri were there with a woman he almost called out in a hotel uniform. They faced down the three men at an unconcerned pace vanished through the door mouthing threats.

Vladimir approached the bed was splattered with blood to examine Pytor wiped his eyes. The hotel attendant apologised repeatedly a blow fly settled on the ceiling saying how lucky he was.

“Lucky to be alive.’

The woman left and the three men helped Pytor move his sore leg wasn’t as bad as thought. After a while he was able to pace the room from side to side they examined him. He tried first one leg and then the other according to inclination they directed him. There was a stiffness in the vicinity of his left hip he realised that that the icy streets of the town would be murder.

“We warned you.”

The night before they’d had told him about the trader from Suifen with one leg missing in the hospital over there. He’d been set upon in the icy streets beaten in the snow after the local hospital had to amputate there were always going to be consequences.

“You need something.”

They was snake still fiery in a flask Vladimir reminded Pytor that he’d promised to help his cousin Katya buy shoes. The night before in the Far East Hotel Vladmir had been drunk as a fish chasing slender waitresses behind the bar with bad skin. Pytor decided to go although he’d have to look out for his enemies his head ached and throbbed.

“One for the road.”


On a fine winter morning they descended past the third floor brothel red corridors with naked carvings had kept him awake all night. Late breakfasters ate pickled vegetables beyond the lobby streets white and cold as metal. By the hotel queues of donkey carts and yellow were forming embedded in the ice was black from age. They waved down a cart outside small clusters of languages were thawing out the up and down day.

“The border station.”

The train had just arrived at the station bluely dust releasing a mass of their fellow countrymen and women. As the sky was high in the air hundreds surged onto the frosty street with its engraved hotels carrying red and white striped bags. They stood and waited for Katya few were going the other way until they found her.

“You guys must be blind.”

She was Katya had risen early that morning heading for the train in a snowstorm black pigs riding to the border. Although the world wasn’t breathing she had eaten a boiled egg before setting forth her husband’s feet were warm and hairy. A square blue car was abandoned frozen at the border she crossed twice a year as a buyer for her sister’s small shop. 

                                                      Hospital Visit   
                                                     (Extract from Chapter 14 of The Strike)

They held each other nervously Little Hua looked through the door. There she saw a confused space of metal bed frames and tubes trapped her father.

When Little Hua approached her father at first she could hardly believe there was no room to put a chair between the beds. There was the familiar smile of shy pleasure door half open as if he was embarrassed to show feelings.

‘You’re here.’

She wasn’t sure what to say as she sat on the edge of his bed a doctor in a blue gown looked through the door. Somehow she was afraid that she might see something like death in his eyes he cleared more space for her. All her life she’d feared that he would be dead skin and bones before she could make him feel loved he waved his hand.

“Sit with me.’

Selflessly as the others in the ward watched he made room for her in what looked like new black striped pyjamas. There was a pile of peel and shells on the dresser she was afraid to show any emotions that the nurses should have cleared away.

“Nothing, nothing.”

She rose again to clear the clutter he said that it had been a minor stroke sweeping everything into a small bin. She knew of course that several of her father’s family had just dropped dead afterwards she opened her bag before the age of sixty.

“I got cold, you see.”

Family history always played a part apparently he’d fallen ill on a bus she produced the herbal medicines. She’d made a special hospital visit to get these pills that the nurses probably wouldn’t let him use anyway he thanked her quietly.

They sat in silence he’d long hated talking about himself. She loved this modesty of his was not the style now seeing him helpless with all these sick people she would die. While time continued he lay there attached to a catheter they’d always had this mysterious bond.

‘You must get better now.’

As a child he had always protected her when they visited the toilets nights the temperatures yellow icicle-rimmed concrete block were often twenty or more. She’d feel nervous crouching above the frozen hole steam rising as the wind stirred dead papers in the corners her father whistled. The walls and floor were deathly cold to the touch she tried to keep her balance as she shat or pissed. Afterwards she’d run all the way back to their smoky brick room with her father howling ghosts chased her.
 



Author's Commentary:
‘The Strike’ is an experimental novel set in a depressed factory town in the far North East of China. The novel uses a linguistic strategy which aims to subvert expectations about the correspondence between syntactic and semantic structures.
Conventional syntax shapes the way we perceive reality by encoding conceptual relations, particularly temporal relations, or causality.
She was Katya had risen early that morning heading for the train in a snowstorm black pigs riding to the border. Although the world wasn’t breathing she had eaten a boiled egg before setting forth her husband’s feet were warm and hairy. A square blue car was sat abandoned frozen at the border she crossed twice a year as a buyer for her sister’s small shop.
A key part of the strategy of this novel was to undermine conventional implicatures of sentences, allowing a more complex range of meaning relations to emerge.
I saw this town as being a world where memory and expectation pull in different directions. Some sentences place complements of time and space in ambiguous positions on phrase boundaries.
“With her hair pinned in a scraggly bun she saw everything riding through the dark night of history to pass the time there were adverts on the walls.”
Others do something similar with conjunctions, which play an important role in establishing semantic relations between clauses.
“Their town was standing up although the gates of City Hall remained closed their voices rang out unanswerably.”
In my view, experimental writing should seek new ways to give aesthetic form to subjective experience.
She wasn’t sure what to say as she sat on the edge of his bed a doctor in a blue gown looked through the door. Somehow she was afraid that she might see something like death in his eyes he cleared more space for her.
“Sit with me.’
Selflessly as the others in the ward watched he made room for her in what looked like new black striped pyjamas. There was a pile of peel and shells on the dresser she was afraid to show any emotions which the nurses should have cleared away.
“I got cold, you see.”
As a child he had always protected her nights when they visited the outside toilet block was often twenty or more below. She’d feel nervous crouching above the yellow icicle-rimmed hole as the wind stirred papers in dim corners her father whistled. Afterwards she ran all the way back to their smoky brick room with her father ghosts chased them.
I wanted to create new syntactic structures that were mimetic of the chaos and indeterminateness of the universe of my characters.

- http://exclusive3.weebly.com/flash-fiction.html




One of the most ground breaking and important new developments in innovative fiction writing I feel comes from the new syntax created by writer and publisher, Harvey Thomlinson. This new use of syntax is a method he's used for years to create a kind of idioglossia that shakes up the synapses of readers in a way that can deliver new perspectives on the world and the nature of reality. I was happy to be able to dialog with Harvey about this formally, which can be read below. Excerpts of his unpublished novel have been published in magazines in journals in the UK, and now two are in Exclusive Magazine, with his commentary on them. http://exclusive3.weebly.com/flash-fiction.html  I feel when this is published as a whole by some adventurous press ready to take the risk with a novel that is both experimental and dealing realistically with “real world” events in an engaged way, it will become one of the most analysed techniques in literary fiction. I feel linguists and psychologists, literary critics and professors will find this to be a stunning new revelation of possibility.  You may wish to follow his website for new developments. http://thestrikeonline.com/
Harvey is most known as the translator of Chinese novelist Murong's A Novel of Chengdu, which was a finalist for the 2009 Man Asia Literary Prize. Harvey also runs Make-Do Publishing, which presents some of the best contemporary writing in Asia. Here follows our discussion.

Tantra:
Your writing style is adventurous, particularly your sentence structures. People so easily take for granted the usual way of writing, grammatically, and Experimental Fiction has the opportunity to shake that up. One of the fascinating aspects of innovative writing is stretching our minds to think new ways, and language is intricately involved in how we think. I feel your use of syntax creates a new language, and it has been proven that people can less their chances of Alzheimer’s if they speak two languages. Your work seems to me to have the ability to make our minds more agile and our experience of the world youthful and fresh.
Harvey, here are some quotes Clifford A. Pickover that I think speak to what you’ve accomplished.  I’m curious to hear about your goals and methodology of making the new language structure. These relate to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which says that language structure affects how we see the world.
“Paul Kay, the linguist we discussed who is interested in color and language, agrees with me that language shapes the way we compartmentalize reality. “There is a wealth of evidence showing that what people treat as the same or different depends on what languages they speak.”’  22
“Today, 438 languages have fewer than 50 speakers. {written in 2005} “With each language gone, we may lose whatever knowledge and history were locked up in its stories and myths, along with the human consciousness embedded in its grammatical structure and vocabulary. . . .” 33
“If language and words do shape our thoughts and tickle our neuronal circuits in interesting ways, I sometimes wonder how a child would develop if reared using an “invented” language that was somehow optimized for mind-expansion, emotion, logic, or some other attribute. Perhaps our current language, which evolved chaotically through the millennia, may not be the most “optimal” language for thinking big thoughts or reasoning beyond the limits of our own intuition.”   77
From Sex, Drugs, Einstein, and Elves: Sushi, Psychedelics, Parallel Universes, and the Quest for Transcendence  by Clifford A. Pickover, Smart Publications, Petaluma California 2005
I see what you write as a kind of invented language that expands our minds.
Harvey:  
My experimental novel The Strike uses a linguistic strategy which aims to subvert expectations about the correspondence between syntactic and semantic structures. Standard syntactic templates imply conceptual relations, such as sequence, or causality, and as Peter Kay says, these shape the way we ‘compartmentalize reality.’
The Strike is set in a depressed factory town in the far North East of China. The goal of what I call “existential syntax” is really a traditional novelistic one of helping readers to feel the whole world of a novel and the meanings it contains.
Tantra: 
Can you describe the process when your sentence methodology first dawned on you, your first inklings of how it would work, your goals with it, and how it developed along the years?

Harvey:
A few years ago, during a chaotic period in my life in Mexico, I began to experiment with writing short pieces of a few paragraphs, and also rewriting chapters of pulp fiction books which I had picked up from second hand English bookstores in Oaxaca and Mexico City.
The Strike was an attempt to expand this to a novel-length fiction. The story is set in a rotting factory town in the far north east of China, where the people protest after their government decides to sell the local electricity plant.
The text generally works with purposeful combinations of phrases, rather than some Burroughsesque random cut up. There was no single method, more a spirit of ‘bold, persistent experimentation,’ but a consistent goal was to destabilise the sentence, the “bolus of meaning,” according to Fregel.
Sentences like the following use a strategy of disrupting the semantic relations that are embedded in syntactical entities.
“Although the world wasn’t breathing she ate a boiled egg before setting forth her husband’s feet were warm and hairy.”
“With her hair pinned in a scraggly bun she saw everything riding through the dark night of history to pass the time there were supermarket adverts on the walls.”
“Somehow she was afraid that she might see something like death in his eyes he cleared more space for her.”

Tantra: 
Can you talk about your terminology “existential syntax”? Do you connect it with Existentialism?
“Existential syntax” doesn’t really connect on a theoretical level with Existentialism, except by analogy. It is my term for a set of experiments that share the goal of moving beyond conventional syntax and the term Conventional syntax shapes the way we perceive reality by encoding conceptual relations, particularly temporal relations, or causality.
 Phenomenology (of which existentialism was one branch) was partly concerned with describing experience without obscuring the description through misused concepts – hence the analogy.
“Syntax in Experimental Literature: a Literary Linguistic Investigation” a dissertation by Gary Thoms, written in 2008, breaks down Beckett's How It Is, among other things. This novel has a lot of similarities to yours in his particular systematic toying with syntax. Thoms refers to his arrangements of juxtaposed fragments within sentences as “chunking.” This is something you do in your own way.  Thom says:
“This is characteristic of Beckett’s attitude to writing: while he believed that language was inadequate for true expression, he felt that the goal of writing was not to free itself from language entirely, as with Burroughs and Cage, but to misuse it with intent.”
You also have your way with words. The world has already experienced Beckett's deliberate misuse of syntax, which plays with time, and is said to be the voice of the eternal present. How would you say your book moves the literary dialogue forward into new ground?
Beckett’s writings are one of the greatest achievements of the literary avant-garde. In terms of formal features of language, the prose of The Strike certainly makes use of what you call chunking, as well as other “Beckettian” techniques such as deletion and elision, and as with Becket there is often a choice of parsing the text into different sets of phrases. 
However the Strike also introduces new syntactic patterns. Some experts argue that experimental writing can never truly access linguistic form, because readers simply apply their knowledge of standard syntax to form the most likely reading.   This is no doubt largely true, but I wanted to see whether new templates could be established.
Tantra:
And where you see it moving next?
Harvey:                                                                                         
Experimental fiction seems to have lost its ambition to influence a wider literary culture and the whimsical postmodern ethos still dominates, 40 years on. I think that probing at what lies behind “language” is a very important task for a writer, because to return to the point you made earlier, of the large part that language plays in shaping our reality.
At the same time, experimental writing should not be some kind of hermetic game for writers but should aim to create literary forms that deliver a more thrilling aesthetic experience for readers, a sense of something big being at stake.


https://lucidplaypublishing.weebly.com/the-strike.html


Harvey is best known as a translator of novels by rebellious Chinese writers like Murong Xuecun and Chen Xiwo. His own innovative writing has attracted attention for its adventurous writing style, particularly sentence structures. Harvey also runs Make-Do Publishing, a press which specializes in fiction from Asia.
The Strike vividly explores a crisis in the lives of Old Yu and Little Xu, two outsiders in a frozen Chinese border town hit by a traumatic strike. Caught up in the upheaval, guilt-ridden Old Yu embarks on a reckless journey to find the rebellious woman he betrayed. Meanwhile, young drifter Little Xu enters into a dangerous relationship with a stranger on the run.
So, over to Harvey…
For many writers, I suppose, there is an irresistible mystery about the dependency of form and content. When I started to write this story of a strike in a left-behind border town I wanted to invent a new language that would convey to readers this ice-bound world and all the meanings it contained.
This story started when I flew northeast from studies in Beijing after a friend's tip-off that something was going on. This was the middle of the last decade and the talk was of the birth of a new society being forged in the white heat of Deng's revolution, thrusting China forward into a capitalist future.
 But the tale less told was about the large areas of the country where the intrusion of modernity was felt as painful. There were rumours of explosive protests and demonstrations shaking the northeast where millions of workers were being laid off from state owned factories, although few journalists made it up there.
What in retrospect seemed like the decisive confrontation had already passed when I arrived but night after night I watched lines of workers march through the streets of this remote borderland. In the icicled dark so frigid that hot water leaking from a burst pipe would freeze within seconds they filled the empty expanses of People's Square.  Their banners made plaintively rational propositions: Our wives ask for our salary, our children ask for education, our parents ask for medical treatment.
The main discontent was wages for laid-off workers which had not been paid for months. The town seemed united in solidarity as taxi drivers gave free rides to the protestors and workers lay down on the railroads so that goods could not come in or out. Mesmerised by this apparent irruption of protest from China's unconscious, I ended up staying on for a couple of months in a guesthouse on a vast housing estate which had belonged to a state-owned railcar factory. The estate had hospitals and schools, and my empty guesthouse had once accommodated visiting Russian experts. Most of the factory's divisions had closed; in theory the laid-off workers would continue in perpetuity to receive wages from the shuttered factories, although these were usually far in arrears.
Staying in this place haunted by the equivalents of characters from Gogol's Dead Souls, China seemed like a land riven not only by economic and geographic disparities but by temporal distention; torn between past, present and future.
As I thought about how to write The Strike, I realized that I wanted the form of my story to somehow be a mimesis of my characters' subjective temporal distention. Chinese fiction is often constrained by the straitjacket of socialist realism; the imperatives of a positive outlook, healthy characters, and formal simplicity, eschewing formal experimentation.  I had no such constraints - in fact, for me the more experimentation the better. I had written a number of short pieces using experimental syntax but had been wondering if it would be possible to write something longer.  I got down the first lines and wrote my way into it from there: Mrs Zhang was depressed purple leaves scattered along austere avenue because the wind was strong few of her friends were in the park. She came here every morning although this winter was severe to do her exercises required suffering. Walking with her bag of vegetables east of the crematorium there was always a wilderness.
Gradually I drew out two plot threads - involving Old Yu, a haunted old man, and Little Xu, a vulnerable young woman - between which wove secondary figures such as the city's mayor, the chief of police, and deadbeat actors.
The dual-thread structure turned out to mirror the syntax of the experimental sentences, which often featured two independent clauses ambiguously linked by connectives which can be scanned in different ways: She was Xu Yue lay on her side to stay asleep the sheets had crawled up her thighs a day yet to penetrate. When her eyes opened she couldn't breathe sometimes they turned up the heating so high she saw chairs with spaces inbetween.
Some people are put off when they read about experimental language. But my belief is that all imaginative writing should try to create 'novel' dependencies of form and content.
My hope is that the syntax brings the emotional drama of the strike alive in a vivid way, creating a sense of something momentous at stake. - www.asianbooksblog.com/2018/02/500-words-from-harvey-thomlinson.html




Experimental: A word which inspires both promise and disquiet.
I once dated a woman who described our relationship as “experimental.” Unfortunately, our relationship didn’t last long enough for me to find out the results.
Translator and writer Harvey Thomlinson describes his new novel, The Strike, about “an illegal protest in a frozen border town,” as experimental fiction which “uses a linguistic strategy which aims to subvert expectations about the correspondence between syntactic and semantic structures.”
What happens when the form of writing is insufficient to express the multi-dimensional world of thought, time, and perception which we inherit?  Why, asks this book, should we be limited by tense to understanding a story purely in one temporal space when our lives are lived as a farrago of memories, present perceptions, and future hopes, and fears?
She was Xu Yue lay on her side to stay asleep the sheets had crawled up her thighs a day yet to penetrate. When her eyes opened she couldn’t breathe sometimes they turned up the heating so high she saw chairs with spaces inbetween.
Across the morning her legs stretched remotely sensations stirred last night’s clothes piled on the bed. Because it was Saturday there was no hurry to move a dirty plate on the floor unless she wanted to. She stayed there lazily enjoying the soft pillow in her mind dusty light sparkled like emotions.
She looked out across the misty sea of winter-weathered apartment blocks half a galaxy from her village she lit a first cigarette.
 Thomlinson’s use of experimental language can be challenging, not unlike listening to the music of Ornette Coleman or an evening of Schoenberg. It took me some pages to begin to feel the melody in the rhythms and to begin to hear a new palette for the construction of tense and syntax.
It is not only the language which challenges the reader. The story—loosely based on a real events Thomlinson witnessed during a trip to the far northern regions of China a decade ago—moves at varying speed, depending on the mood of the characters. Dramatis personae appear suddenly, only to disappear for chapters at a time. Bit players evolve into important protagonists. Key characters evaporate. It is messy, confusing, unconstrained by thinking in specific times, acting in specific spaces, or any form of omniscient narrative momentum—not unlike the way real people live their lives.
When writing fiction in a cultural context different from that of the author, there is always the danger of (mis)representation and cultural appropriation. Perhaps more so in a book which goes to great—often uncomfortable—lengths to interweave the internal voice of its characters and the mentalité of a community into a larger narrative.
And yet perhaps in the universalism of themes (regret, lost love, excitement, self-interest, hurt, joy, fear) there is also something which transcends the setting. These characters exist in a cold, snowy part of forgotten China. They are utterly banal but live in extraordinary circumstances. Perhaps this is what allows the story to transcend the particularity of culture and nationality—and place them in the universality we all share. -
http://www.theworldofchinese.com/2018/03/the-strikes-experiment-hits-the-mark/




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Harvey Thomlinson, The Sentence, Lucid Play Publishing, 2018.

The Sentence is an existential ‘thriller’ which features Klaus, a subject who is trapped in his sentence, haunted by memories of a previous existence before the sentence began.​
The novel is relentlessly experimental in the Beckettian sense of messing with the implicatures in conventional syntax. Syntactic structures constantly mutate and evolve with the ever-shifting morphology of the unending sentence. But will Klaus escape the clutches of the sentence cops and uncover the mystery of his past crimes before finding a way to redeem himself?





Extract 1. The Syntax of a One Night Stand

On the cusp of the future the sun was lower in the clouds without waiting for the lights Tamasin and Klaus walked coldly from The Full Stop towards the Paragraph. Tamasin stayed a few paces ahead of Klaus plum blossom unfurled time in purple jeans though the tide was out he was aroused by the slender concave of her knee conjunctions. The glass construction was twenty or thirty stories metal balconies layered sandwiches mostly empty as the ship hadn’t docked yet afternoon filled the yard like dead flowers. Outside the gate of the Paragraph stood a two-storey clubhouse with a domed roof he watched her wait for him there the sky unfinished.  Three towers stood within the yard gold and glass constructions seemed like they would be hot in this summer made of cheap materials he foresaw the sky would soon wear off.
The Paragraph gatekeepers still hung around apparently there weren’t many subjects in residence as she passed them a crane swung into action. They seemed to have nothing to do although the crane was unloading a container of words the gate swung open with a push a cloud moved before the sun. He followed her at a steady distance as if reserving his options they stared at the crane with obvious hostility gulls circled on the far side.
They walked across the yard still a broken shard of sun was lobbed into the first construction nearest to the gate luckily there was no one around. The new building lobby appeared recently finished he saw dust scattered like moonlight and uneven grouting in the past she must have summoned the line break.  She’d probably had previous encounters with subjects she met at the Full Stop the break ascended. There was no mirror inside the break moved although it was lightless here she didn’t remove her shades. The two of them alone inside the shimmering grey walls increased the tension as they rose through the Paragraph he realized it was night again behind her lids.
The walls sprang open with a hint of drama she opened her eyes through a corridor window the day slid into the sea. Her clause was the first on the left a flock of drowned gulls coming from the break at this time of day in her yellow purse she felt the key. Klaus sensed she had not lived here long as the key fumbled in the space time lock his stomach churned with a mixture of seaweed and foam.
Her single clause was sparely furnished with one red leather hyphen in the afternoon light threaded a shady balcony in the corner he advanced instinctively a red quotation mark flapped from string. Klaus was drawn outside for a few seconds stormclouds arched the bay intermittently a periscope approached them from sinister angles. She tracked him down confidently in the yard below a gardener collected detritus of words apparently the last storm had caused devastation. A finger string moved him back within her spartan clause the red hyphen was a lone furnishing.  They were a subject group now and she was without any words clutching him so passionately other constructions seemed to fade away.
Do you know me?
He didn’t really know her but active and passive constituents were coupling. She held him tight in ineluctable sequence her lacy front opened to the sea without being asked. Her mahogany skin felt infinitely porous from shore to shining shore he traversed its curves and ridges.
Much of the light in her clause came from a metal chandelier intricately warped and sculpted she pulled him into her.

Extract 2. Escape from The Sentence.

He reached the corner of the clause and there was the sentence in all its prolific glory, in all its full flow. In this bustling scene its predicates proliferated. Clouds blew, streetlamps illuminated. Trees breathed, subjects came went. The clouds in the sky, the streetlamps in the street. The sun in the light years. Clauses joined to each other at corners with barely a conjunction to show where each began or ended.  He realized both the endlessness of his sentence and how far he must go to shake off its surly bonds. He only hope was to find a hole. He still thought that this sentence must be full of them. Wormholes. Blackholes. Mouseholes. Plot holes.
Are we not drawn onward, we few, drawn onward to new era?
Left the sentence went. Right the sentence went.  He knew left. It wound around to the front of the Scriptorium. It rambled discursively in the direction of everywhere he had ever been. He already knew there was no escape in that direction. Not unless his sentence was a palindrome.
He went right. He went into the unknown.  He already knew he wouldn’t easily escape from the sentence. It wouldn’t be so easy to slip the sentence’s leash.
He must be patient. He must be persistent. He would remain undaunted, he would stay undeterred. He would, he would, indeed, in thought, he would.
Klaus had never been this way before. He needed a new map.
He kept thinking the hole in the sentence might be just around the next  Each time the sentence just   Around the  across the  along the above the  beyond the
He kept going.
He would keep going for as long as he needed   as long as
he believed     there would be a hole
Sometime he would sense the gap in the sentence and start running along eagerly only to find    // a caesura.
He would throw himself at the   and allow himself to feel expectant for a moment heart in mouth as he fell through disappointed //  to the other side.

 





To read more of Harvey's work: The Stand Magazine.
Harvey's article at New York Times"China's Communist Party is Abandoning Workers"
















Experimental Literature: A Collection of Statements - 34 writers and critics reflect upon how literature puts itself to the test in an effort to make itself new

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Experimental Literature: A Collection of Statements, Jeffrey R Di Leo and Warren Motte, Editors. JEF Books, 2018.


In EXPERIMENTAL LITERATURE: A COLLECTION OF STATEMENTS thirty-four writers and critics reflect upon how literature puts itself to the test in an effort to make itself new. Those reflections assume very different shapes, and each approaches the question from a different angle. There are formalist readings here, and historicist readings; some contributors consider the politics of literature, others focus upon aesthetics; some statements deal with national traditions or periods, others are more synchronist. There are pieces on French theater, the Russian avant-garde, and performance in West Africa. There are meditations on poetry as a daily practice, on experiment as a way of knowing, on the restlessness of liminal spaces, and on the incommensurate dimensions of dream and reality. Each contribution is fueled by the notion that literature works best when it is willing to interrogate its own premises. Both individually and collectively, these analyses display an extraordinary mobility, one that does justice to the dynamism of experimental literature itself. Each essay engages its readers actively and thoughtfully, inviting us to participate in a conversation about literature's horizon of possibility, about what literature is and can be. Robert Coover, arguably the most distinguished living American experimentalist, contributes an afterword to this volume.


The book is a special revised and expanded edition of American Book Review 37.5 (July/August 2016)


excerpt:
Robert Coover: The End of Literature
Literature’s mainstream is not a river that flows between fixed banks, but one that must be cut, and it is the experimental writer who, avoiding the backwaters of the often more lucrative and momentarily celebrated conventional writing, can be found at the cutting edge. We all know this. But what if literature itself is an expiring holdover from the last century, using an outmoded technology and fast declining into an archival state of primary interest only to scholars and hobbyists, the current worldwide proliferation of writing programs nothing but an ironic death rattle? What if it’s over, and the wildest and most brilliant of experiments won’t revive it?
Some 33 all-too-brief centuries ago, the 13th-century BCE redactor of the then-500-year-old Gilgamesh epic, our oldest known sustained literary narrative, added a frame story that pretends to locate, hidden within a copper foundation box under the legendary ramparts of Uruk, themselves by his time long since fallen into dusty ruin, a text engraved on lapis lazuli and perhaps inscribed by Gilgamesh himself upon his return from his adventures, which presumably is the story about to be told—a modernist, if not postmodernist, metafictional contrivance right at the very beginning of what we call literature. Which at the time was itself a new experiment, so new that the author of the original epic didn’t even have an alphabet with which to compose.
Literature, etymologically “things made from letters,” can be seen as a specific artistic process, containing within itself its own potential and limitations, one that began at a certain time in human intellectual history, a time when written words themselves were often believed to be sacred and magical, and a process that has evolved over the subsequent centuries, using generations of writers to fulfill itself. But for many reasons—a radical change of focus, a discontinuance of the tools including writing itself, a sense of completion or exhaustion or irrelevance, an impatience with the attention demanded, a transfer of such activity into other media less “made from letters”—such a process can come to an end.
The invention of the movie camera at the end of the 19th century and the international industrial cinema that followed had already dented print narrative’s dominance—it was so hard to read a book, so easy to watch a movie—when, as the last century was winding down, along came programmable machines called computers. Whereupon human discourse began to move off the page and into the infinitely spacious digital universe, a radically divergent medium that both absorbed everything from the old technology and ultimately displaced it; print documents could be read on laptops and phone screens (and largely are now), but hypermediated sound, text, and image could not be moved into print. Only mad religionists and some wistful librarians continued to venerate the printed word.
A tool engineered to embrace and set in concerted motion not only language, but all signs and gestures, icons, objects, sounds and images, with instant access to global networks, has to be a powerful tool. It becomes, itself, a kind of rhetoric by which to hold the ever shape-shifting world together, and is admirably placed to play a major role in this current age of the New Sophists. In our present intellectual environment, the Platonic hierarchies left over from the Middle Ages have mostly vanished and the borders between the traditional Aristotelian disciplines and classifications established during the Enlightenment have been rapidly dissolving, leaving us all enmeshed in vast webworks of signs that ceaselessly appear and disappear, the world as Sophists have always seen it. And these signs are not merely those of traditional literacy, of alphabetical language, of text, but now include streaming sound and moving images, as well as new rhetorical elements like multilinearity, hyperlinks, kinetic and metamorphosing text, haptics, immersive virtual reality, together with a multitude of ancillary tools and apps, elements that may eventually leave the screen altogether and environ us.
Sophists live in a world of ceaseless actional and, as we would say now, informational flow—that river one steps into, never the same twice, with man not at the center of it, just in it—but: as the measure and measurer of it. That is, man calls it river and so it is river, says it flows and so it does flow. For Sophists, knowledge—which is not a given, but is created—is power, and that power is accessed, classically, through rhetoric. They invent new words and concepts, and if others adopt them, their power grows. Like Platonists, Sophists also use a kind of dialectic, though a skeptical one, without hope of synthesis, which they don’t believe in. They set up dialectical oppositions and simply make choices; then, using a rhetoric aimed at persuasion, they argue for the choices they have made. The distinction between Being and Becoming is, for them, a false one. Being is what there is, and it looks just like Becoming, and anyway it’s where we live, nothing we can do about it.
In this 3-D installation we call the modern world, the computer is a perfect rhetorical tool. In its root-deep either-or operations, it even thinks like a Sophist. It makes visible the ceaseless flow of words and actions and offers entry points for all users to exercise their own interactive skills in an effort to exert influence and acquire power and pleasure, the initial and perhaps principal challenge being to grab people’s attention, out in all that turbulence, and come up with a way to hang on to it, to find followers and keep them. Everything depends on information input and proper programming, and then on asking the right questions, winner take all. A game of games in which to be absent is to lose. Timing is everything. Gates and Bezos and Zuckerberg win, everyone else loses. Knowledge is power for the Sophist, and knowing is doing, but you have to move quickly, be the first with the new, and fuck the competition. Fuck the rest of the world, too, for that matter. It’s a zero-sum game.
Writers, of course, do not as a rule move quickly. Most of them design poems and narrative structures that demand a lot of thought, a lot of time. It can take weeks to hammer out a decent sentence, a single line of poetry, and it can take just as long to read and fully understand those lines. Fortunes can rise and fall, regimes too, while a writer researches a single minute narrative detail or finds the perfect prosody, the theatrically dramatic turn of phrase. The written word is a poor sluggish traveler in a high-velocity time, an ancient clumsy makeshift tool, invented by people who worked in clay and moved at the speed of a camel. Information as data can now be accessed and sorted at the speed of light, but literature is not mere information, as all authors insist, and speed in the composition or processing of it has never been considered a virtue. Writing as a craft requires patience and discipline, and the same is asked of the reader. Slow down … Listen … Hardest thing in the world for today’s rapid-fire multitasking user, bopping about urgently on various social media networks and researching the universe minute by minute. In the digital age, literature, written or read, is widely looked upon as a misuse of time (still precious, time is, that hasn’t changed, nor likely will), its potential played out, nothing left but nuance and repetition, even as some make use of the print narrative industry for their own profit and pleasure, in the way that the author of the Gilgamesh epic and his tenured priestly and scribal friends made use of the gullibility of the illiterate for their own continued well-being.
While authors sometimes spend entire lives attempting to perfect a single poem or story, programmable machines can generate an infinite number of works more or less instantly, and who knows, maybe some of them are “perfect.” Dartmouth College, in announcing its 2018 Literary Creative Turing Tests, offers thousand-dollar prizes each for machine-generated programs that “have the ability to produce effectively an infinite number” of sonnets, limericks, original short poems, and children’s stories. The outputs of the sonnet and limerick generators are judged blindly in competition with “human” sonnets and limericks, with any poem indistinguishable from human outputs passing the “Turing Test.” The short poems (“literary metacreations”) and children’s stories are evaluated for their “artistry.” All that’s missing is a program to generate an infinite number of appreciative readers, though what’s being “read,” of course, is not the infinitude of individual poems and stories (mortal tedium, in the words of Samuel Beckett) but the limited mass of materials fed into the generator in each program, together with the combinatory patterns that the “meta-author” has designed, allowing the reader to “see” the whole, without having to suffer any of the particular outputs.
Is something being lost? Sure, it is. For one thing, the pleasure of curling up in front of the fire with a bound codex—“the haptics of the printed word,” as a book-loving friend has put it. For another, the “deep read” that a book invites with its page-turning mechanism, a mechanism that allows one to go back and reread, over and over. Some say that irony was born in that peculiarity of the book. But, if nowadays there is less of the sustained readerly attention that literature has traditionally demanded, one can anticipate that new experimental forms will emerge to reach these restless rewired generations, and that writers, if in the post-literature world they are still to be called writers, will continue, in whatever medium and with whatever tools, to tell stories, explore paradox, strive for meaning and beauty (those sweet old illusions), pursue self-understanding, seek out the hidden content of the tribal life, and so on—in short, all the grand endeavors we associate with literature, even if what they make may not be literature, any more than film is literature or nature a poem.
Though literature as an art form may be fading away, raw storytelling seems to be part of everyman’s DNA, deeper than form or distribution mode, and as Boccaccio’s plague stories remind us, will probably continue to the end of human time. Because: What else? And even if narrative and lyrical artists, whether experimental or conventional, are reduced to stand-up comedy, eulogies, rap lyrics, and tweeted epigrams, they will still feel the tug of the obligations that Hesiod laid upon the Muses a couple of millennia ago: to engage with the national rituals and dogmas, to be witnesses of their times, and to provide consolation and entertainment—or as he put it, to make the gods laugh. Assuming you can find them, logged on and adrift in cyberspace as they are now.
https://theamericanscholar.org/the-end-of-literature/#.W9Q4wmewfIU

Christina Milletti - Watch out what you wish for: in these stories, tall tales have a knack of coming true. A mother's whim is granted when she disappears at the kitchen sink. Two boys bounce up and don't come down. A housewife conjures a light bulb salesman who materializes for dinner

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Image result for Christina Milletti, The Religious and Other Fictions,
Christina Milletti, The Religious and Other Fictions, Carnegie Mellon, 2006.


Keen, tender, at times perverse, The Religious and Other Fictions ventures into the uncanny zones of the imagination and renders them natural. Watch out what you wish for: in these stories, tall tales have a knack of coming true. A mother's whim is granted when she disappears at the kitchen sink. Two boys bounce up and don't come down. A housewife conjures a light bulb salesman who materializes for dinner.
With one foot in the real world, the other in the land of fable, Christina Milletti takes stock of the beliefs we harbor in the face of failed hopes, the power personal myths hold over us all. In this wonderful debut collection, our most private sanctuaries are peeled back, their hearts made bare, by an inventive new writer who Carol Shields calls, "a genuine magician."





"Christina Milletti has a knife-thrower's flourish and aim, a fiction of ease and ferocity. It's hard to tell order from disorder in her stories, the lavish from the spare―they meet in a super-clarity of language that is wondrous, as dark as it is illuminating." - Janet Kauffman

"A stunning debut. In Milletti's stories, the imaginary does not begin where the real ends: the two are intertwined, each creating the other. Be careful what stories you invent, for they may in fact turn out to be not only true to life but truer than life.” - Brian Evenson

"Christina Milletti combines the pithy with the symphonic while retaining them fused, and she takes her time, maintaining a total effect like a Stravinsky sonata. A writer of gifted prose is among us again." - Paul West





Christina Milletti’s stories are unsettles and transient, fables on the go. They may have nowhere to be, but they’re in a hurry to get there. How she ever managed to corral these rootless tales into The Religious and Other Fictions is a mystery for the ages.
The opening story is a traveling salesman’s myth, “Retrofit”, a story told not by but about a strange lightbulb salesman whose head grows in the telling. He wanders around without ever being seen twice, perhaps to “Where Noone Is Now,” the location of a vanished sister who may or may not have ever existed. The transience of the mail leads a woman to a world of imagined delights and magic doors, and lets a man open a strange door to the underworld and his own unconscious. Even names travel, moving between women and musicians with easy facility and glad harmony.
Not all the transitions are accomplished with such ease, or such happy results. The man who survives “Amelia Earhart’s Last Appearance” watches helplessly as the women in his life explode, vanish or fade into thin air. And the title story, “The Religious,” takes fact and fantasy along a winding and confusing road with results unsatisfying even for their traveling narrator.
But the journey is the joy, as both Noone and Amelia Earhart might have testified, and Christina Milletti is rather more skilled than the hapless travel guide in “The Religious” at making the travel experience a pleasant one. These are stories going nowhere in a hurry but making good time, allowing readers to find what they can along the way. It’s an odd sort of literary generosity and makes for a good way to pass the time while waiting for the next destination to come along. - Sarah Meador
http://www.curledup.com/relifict.htm


Image result for Gravitational Intrigue: An Anthology of Emergent Hypermedia,
Gravitational Intrigue: An Anthology of Emergent Hypermedia, Christina Milletti and Dimitri Anastasopoulos, eds., 13th Moon Press,
has work by Mark Amerika, Christopher Funkhouser, Pierrre Joris, Stuart Moulthrop, Nicole Peyrafitte, and others.




Works in progress:
Choke Box: a Fem-Noir (novel); Erratics (short story collection), Room in the Hotel America (novel)

Gil Orlovitz - "After struggling with its gimmicks of style... its elaborate streams of consciousness... its absolute jungle and jumble of words, I've come to the conclusion that it would take me ten years to understand"

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What Are They All Waiting For?
Gil Orlovitz, What Are They All Waiting For? Stories, Poems & Essays: 1944-1962. Tough Poets Press, 2018.


What Are They All Waiting For? is an anthology of long out-of-print works by Philadelphia-born experimental novelist, poet, playwright, and screenwriter Gil Orlovitz (1918-1973), one of America's most innovative, yet virtually forgotten, writers of the 20th century. This volume contains 9 short stories, 4 essays, and 49 poems, originally published between 1944 and 1962. Also included is a comprehensive biography of Orlovitz and a bibliography of his works.  


"His work is known only to a handful of poetry lovers who read the verse magazines and purchase slender books issued by publishing houses with names like Inferno Press and Hearse Press. He is nonetheless one of the finest — the most versatile — poets now writing in English. Long before the San Francisco Renaissance exploded with public and police clamor and articles in Time, Orlovitz was writing with a Dionysian frenzy combined with perfect control of language that has been equaled by few, if any, of the Beats."— Chad Walsh,Today's Poets (1964)


"As to Orlovitz, I find him at his best, very good. Certainly his delivery seems original."— Charles Bukowski (1958)




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Gil Orlovitz, Milkbottle H, Calder & Boyars, 1967.


Milkbottle H is a tragicomedy of contemporary existence treated with compassion and bitter irony, in which all of mankind are conceived as being inextricably linked. Told with a heightened naturalism in which our thought and speech processes are reproduced with an amazing fidelity, the book may baffle and even infuriate, Yet it makes its presence felt, forcing us, almost as if against our will, to conclude we have here something very important to the heritage of modern literature.
There are two essential themes running concurrently through this monumental work, both related to the protagonist, Lee Emanuel. On the one hand we have his passion for the fifteen-year-old Rena Goldstein, and the subtle oppositions to this passion by both families. On the other hand we have the story of the death-in-progress of Lee's father, Levi Emanuel.
With Lee's second marriage, the strands of the parallel themes convulse, separate, re-form, and intertwine. In the relating of the several events and themes that spring from the fusion of the two central threads, time and characters seem to merge so that "all time is eternally present" and the people are alike, one unto the other. The physical scene is Philadelphia, with constant shuttling to New York and Los Angeles.


"A major work of fiction by any standards. It has a breadth and intricacy of vision, an audacity of technique, and an unwearying energy of expression that put it in the very front rank. Milkbottle H is a major event in the history of the American imagination." --The Scotsman

"Not since Joyce has anyone used words with such magnanimous clarity.... This book is one of the great, if not the greatest, literary achievements of our time." --Cork Examiner
In parts, Milkbottle H is lucid, gripping and richly descriptive of human experience; in parts it resorts to what, read aloud, sounds like a series of agonised grunts and groans." --Irish Times

"Milkbottle H took Gil Orlovitz ten years to publish. After struggling with its gimmicks of style ... its elaborate streams of consciousness ... its absolute jungle and jumble of words, I've come to the conclusion that it would take me ten years to understand." --Oxford Mail

"Milkbottle H is a great book, an experimental novel-into-poem. For anyone interested in the widening possibilities of the modern novel, or in gaining insight into a tragicomic human experience, the reward is immense." -- London Tribune

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Gil Orlovitz, Ice Never F,Calder & Boyars, 1970.


Ice Never F is the second part in a trilogy of novels by the American poet Gil Orlovitz. The protagonist is again Lee Emanuel, living in Philadelphia, and the major personalities from the first novel--Lena Goldstein, now his wife, Lee’s parents Rachel and Levi, as well as a host of other people--appear again in it. Orlovitz has written that his aim in his books is ‘to educate a protagonist in the ramifications of the paradoxes of apparently commonplace phenomena’, and to this end he employs a variety of interrelated personal and contemporary events to suggest a ‘created presence’, in which conventional dogmas of time and character are rejected in favour of a poetic approach that celebrates the multiplicity of existence. In a long essay on Orlovitz in a recent issue of the Kenyon Review, the American critic Hale Chatfield notes that while this approach bears some resemblance to the painting of Jackson Pollock and the self-consciously absurd juxtapositions of Surrealism, Orlovitz ‘characterises himself by the intensity of his search for the significance of his own associations and his militant reluctance to let them go by without exploring themselves’. Mr Chatfield adds: ‘If Coleridge were here to evaluate Orlovitz, I am confident he would confine the Dadaist and Surrealist to the realm of fantasy--and admit, if not elevate, Orlovitz to the Kingdom of Imagination.’

Did you ever experience the sensation of shaking your brains loose from their moorings so that they become a sort of fish swimming around in your skull and once in a while look through your eyes. The fish looks at you now…
Lee Emanuel is the fish. Your skull is the book. Or you are the fish and the book is your skull. Or is it Lee’s skull…
I want to see something come out of the wall, that’s why I stare at it so intently, I want a transformation to take place in my loneliness up there on the wall that Sam Abrams paints.
The book opens with disorientation. but a creeping awareness occurs through lucid moments embedded in a rush of fractured memories. The prose is hypnotic with sentences stopping short and pulling up stakes to move elsewhere, while prior nomadic sentences slide in to occupy the now vacant real estate. Plot, such as it is, advances imperceptibly. Lee Emanuel as child, as teenager, as young adult, as approaching middle age, married, single, pursuing any number of women, all intervals interwoven with dense and coruscant (borrowed from Gil!) stitching. Lush impressionistic prose thick with neologistic flights of poetic fancy describes life anchor-moments and intricate sketches of family members and friends, the characters materializing over time, sometimes through wandering perspective, but by the end all becoming known.
Orlovitz owes a stylistic debt to James Joyce, although he is still doing his own thing here. Time is not finite as in Ulysses, for example, but rather spreads out and contracts over decades. Both time and space explode into dust. There are also some surface similarities to Virginia Woolf’s The Waves, concerning time, nature as a character, interiority of multiple persons (though less regularity of shifting here, with primary focus on Lee). Imagine a compendium of several decades of one’s life, all of the pivotal events that one returns to over and over, carefully directing each scene, often unaware of how it changes from one performance to the next, only convinced of its significance as an ingredient in the substrate on which one grows one’s understanding of oneself.
Faith in words is what Orlovitz exhibits. It is definitely a poet’s novel. There is some humor here and there, perhaps just enough. One on hand we see the complicated love of a son for his parents dissected while on the other hand we experience the exquisite visceral pleasure of a child picking his nose. Lee’s world is tactile, sensual, bursting with color (violet repeats itself, for one). Some of the interior babble is just that, but it never lasts long enough to engender frustration.
A partial list of themes treated in varying degrees of depth: family relationships, romantic relationships, war, Army life, madness, mystery and confusion of childhood, interpersonal attraction in its many forms, urban life (specifically Philadelphia) both pre- and post-WWII, first and second generation immigrant experience in America (specifically Jewish), coming-of-age, death, personal and societal morality, love (its glory and its passing), spirituality (specifically Judeo-Christian), art and creativity, humanity, existence…
Style notes: Orlovitz eschews apostrophes and chapter breaks, while wreaking havoc with capitalization and sentence structure. (It’s a lot of fun.)
Either it is the astonishment of the absolute indifference, that defense against astonishment, the ultimate defense, the complete absence of feeling except that which informs you you operate in a body. But at any time the astonishment may burst open, and I am not Lee Emanuel, I tell you I have no name, I tell you I have not been born, I tell you I know nothing about death—I can tell you only that I fornicate, eat, shit, feel terror—but that that could be anyone walking down the street, ascending a stairway, interviewing a prospective employee, compassionating a beggar—I ask you; who does not feel all these things? Is this a distinctive personality? a precisely differentiated human being? who can possess at times the faculty of total recall and in other hours remember only a jumble. - S. D. Stewart

gil orlovitz: an astonishing faith in words
Gil Orlovitz was a writer who never quite made it, though not for lack of trying. Known primarily for his poetry, though even then not widely and more so after his death, Orlovitz also wrote and published two novels and many short stories, as well as penning and producing several plays. Born and raised in Philadelphia, Orlovitz served four years in the Army during WWII, after which he wrote and published prolifically during the 1950s and 1960s. He died in 1973 alone and destitute at age 55, a few years after the publication of his second published novel, Ice Never F.
Orlovitz’s writing can be described as avant-garde or experimental, and his novels as anti-novels or “no-novels,” as Book World reviewer (and Joycean scholar) Kevin Sullivan designated Milkbottle H, Orlovitz’s first published novel. Sullivan goes on to suggest a definition for this new “no-novel,” as a “genre that no longer experiments with form but discards all form and concentrates on the presentation of immediately felt experience or, more accurately, allows that experience to present itself.” Certainly Orlovitz read Joyce, and there is a Joycean flavor to Ice Never F, written as it is in an impressionistic, stream-of-consciousness style. But being a self-contained novel, microcosmic in its deep reflection of the author’s own experiences, it bears little resemblance to Joyce’s work in content. This novel was part of a planned trilogy and, according to Guy Daniels in his “Notes Toward a Bibliography of Gil Orlovitz,” was actually intended to precede Milkbottle H. The third book, known in manuscript form as “WFFM,” was never published, though according to Daniels, it had been read by Anais Nin, who tried unsuccessfully to get it published. At the time of writing (1978), Daniels noted his suspicion that the manuscript was “still around in somebody’s files.” A short story manuscript also came into the custody of UK publisher Marion Boyars, publisher of Orlovitz’s first two novels, but this collection never saw publication.
Milkbottle H, while received quite favorably by critics in the UK and Germany, did not fare so well in Orlovitz’s home country. American critics for the most part panned the book, with only one extant positive review to be (easily) found (the Sullivan one referred to above). Reviews of the second book, Ice Never F, are even more difficult to track down, suggesting that it received even less attention. While I have not yet read Milkbottle H, from both my understanding of that book and through having already read Ice Never F, I wonder if the critical reception would have been better if that latter novel had indeed been published first, as Orlovitz intended, for it may have been a degree or two more accessible. Certainly if either book had appeared just a few years later when the American postmodern novel was beginning to more widely infiltrate popular readership, it would likely have fared better.
If Gil Orlovitz had not passed on so prematurely, would he have finally found wider success? It’s hard to say. He wrote from the margins of society, and certainly some writers who share that marginal ground have eventually garnered a larger readership. But the literary past abounds with so-called experimental writers whose popularity rose and waned during their lifetimes, or never even exceeded a modest plateau. Once they are gone, though, it is ultimately up to us as readers (and reviewers) to resurrect them. The fate of their literary legacies rests solely in our willingness to read and share the wonders of their words. It is in this spirit that I share my review of Gil Orlovitz’s novel Ice Never F.
References:
Chatfield, Hale. Literary Exile in Residence. The Kenyon Review, Vol. 31, No. 4 (1969), pp. 545-553
Daniels, Guy. Notes Toward a Bibliography of Gil Orlovitz. The American Poetry Review. Vol. 7, No. 6 (Nov/Dec 1978), pp. 31-32
Fagan, Edward R. Disjointed Time and the Contemporary Novel. The Journal of General Education. Vol. 23, No. 2 (Jul 1971), pp. 151-160

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The Award Avant-Garde Reader, ed. by Gil Orlovitz,Award Books, 1965.

From the back-cover: "The Avant-Garde Scandal - No writing in our time has caused such controversy as this. The movement has been a source of inspiration...and scandal. The writers have been praised...and damned. The works have won best-sellerdom...and have been suppressed. Now you can make up your own mind! Here are nine exciting stories from around the world, by writers at the very pinnacle of the avant-garde movement. "Proclaim Present Time Over" - William Burroughs; "Passage de Milan" - Michel Butor; "The Fantom of Marseilles" - Jean Cocteau; "The Open House of Asmodeus the Tortoise" - Peter Jones; "Wakerobin" - Thomas McEvilley III; "I'm Just in Sparta on a Visit" - Gil Orlovitz; "Ravenna" - Antonio Pizzuto; "Capriccio Italiano" - Edoardo Sanguinetti; "Someone Just Like Me" - Sol Yurick

Gil Orlovitz was born in Philadelphia and served in the Second World War. For some years he has been highly regarded by his fellow writers, but it was only with the publication of Milkbottle H that he reached a wider public. He has always been interested in the theatre and has written several plays and has also published many volumes of poetry and short stories. He is married with three children and now lives in New York.
There is this: http://phillysound.blogspot.com/2006_... which has a selection of his poetry.    

Christopher Norris - Hunchback ‘88 is a book... or a novel mirror of haunted house ferox... or a puzzle in no rush to be solved... or a plot dug in ocean mist... or a moment that exists between flesh-stab and blood... or a cannibal moon of terror... or an oozing artifact

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Christopher Norris, Hunchback ‘88, Permanent Sleep Press, 2018.
steakmtn.com/Hunchback-88


Hunchback ‘88 is a book... or a novel mirror of haunted house ferox... or a puzzle in no rush to be solved... or a plot dug in ocean mist... or a moment that exists between flesh-stab and blood... or a cannibal moon of terror... or an oozing artifact... or pus to the slasher night... or youth coming apart... or an eye-rolling task of which none the dumb words above help make it sense.


Christopher Norris, the notoriously misanthropic artist behind bands like Against Me!, Atom & His Package, and United Nations, has penned a book about bodies coming apart.




Christopher Norris "Hunchback '88"




A conceit of incurious criticism is the pat description of music or literature as “cinematic.” It is evident what is implied here. Cinematic music is predominantly instrumental music that unfolds the exhibition of a range of emotions—even something like Riz Ortolani’s soundtrack for Cannibal Holocaust moves through a spectrum of idyll, brooding horror, and disco—while being suitably deferent to the presumption of an attendant—yet absent—image. Cinematic literature is an earnest effort at not only depicting the necessary human activities necessary to propel the narrative which is the common presumption of cinema, but indulging just enough to be significant in the soft focus of setdressing and atmospherics.
Contrary to the claim that such works are cinematic is the fact that they are only embodying the realms of film that music and literature already occupied as the consulting agents of soundtracks and screenplays. These works are of the cinema. They are not analogous to movies. They have not really learned new things from existing with and after the cinematic era. They behave in a manner by which cultural mediums seek to superimpose themselves on film as gaunt echoes, rather than finding methods for transmigrating the “cinematic” into a never-coinciding location parallel to film, with all of the properties of their own mediums embodying a new form that is neither evocative of film or evocative of literature.
What do we call this thing? Is it new, or just unrecognizable in our contemporary understanding of literature? Such is the hematophagous aftertaste of Hunchback ‘88, the debut novel of Christopher Norris, published by Permanent Sleep Press in 2018, an exceptional work of literature—a new ilk of cinematic literature—that prompts this unpacking.
a warningsliming along
in whisper
your field of vision—or mine, or, really, your field of vision—what I tell you it is and could well match mine, you will never know—but, let us get it right, right now, right at the start: I own. Your eyes. This held sight, yours that is mine now… a box over your head… or rather a box with a rectangular opening in front, up front – your front – a thick-black framing all periphery. A horizontal rectangle. But, mind you, not a vista or panorama or ever granting an option for the warmth of a graceful berth. There is no comfort here. This moment, and those to come, are a trap, a cage, restriction: visual… otherwise, and the rectangle, such as it is, is closer to a square… with a bit of legroom… a cut of flesh given to the left and to the right. Just a bit. A fraction. But it’s not a square. It is a rectangle. Oblong. A tunnel. Corridor. A body fits. Possession has you paused at the far end. A distance. The walls are black. A flat white screen… out of reach… imagine a glow that is out of reach, thin, a needle.
I approach this consideration almost entirely through the foil Wayne Booth. I bought Booth’s encyclopedic book, The Rhetoric of Fiction, in 1999 while working on a research project to develop a primarily verbal methodology for preparing architectural construction documents. My concern was how to crack open the highly controlled pictorial visualization of buildings by capitalizing on the openness of text. This openness could become so unfettered as to be useless, and thus the interest in Booth. He explores the translation of rhetoric into a medium for which it was not originally conceived, that being late nineteenth and early twentieth century novels. And although the classical oratory model of rhetoric has held sway over the discursive structure of literature from the first linguistic constructions specific to the written word until the present, its functionality has changed to meet varying needs. The visibility of rhetoric as a featured mechanism of writing has fluctuated along the axis of time and across the axis of literary forms. It never fully disappears. However, as it moves from application to application, the devices of rhetoric evolve along with us. The project of Modernism rejects the editorial—rhetorically persuasive—voice. Booth asserts that in its stead, “all of the old-fashioned dramatic devices of pace and timing can be refurbished for the purposes of a dramatic, impersonal narration.”
As was my discovery of the intermedium movement in architecture, the absence of some authorial guidance results in something seemingly useless. Or, if not useless, more accurately, it would lack the generally intended effect of its artifice. Booth artfully establishes the variety of ways that rhetorical principles existed formally and insidiously, rather than transparently. “Patterns of imagery and symbol are as effective in The Hamlet as they are in Hamlet, as decisive in Ulysses as they are in The Odyssey.” This change is significant in the scaling outward of rhetorical effects from the tactical level to broader strategic application of the performance, from the isolation of the representational phrases to the sweeping blur of the presentation. This is an important characterization, a sort of phase change that continues to take place.
The phase changes of rhetoric are not just constrained to the medium of writing however. Transmigration of oratory rhetoric into text wasn’t an accident. Rhetoric is just a formalization of the way our cognition organizes and assimilates stimuli into our emotions or vice versa. It defines the way we use language to persuade. And language structures the manner in which we think. Thus, all expressive works undertaken by humans perform under some rhetorical structuring. And its evolution does not always follow an intramedium trajectory. One of the most significant transmigrations of rhetoric in human history involved the full bloom of movies as a communicative medium. In his Notes on the Cinematograph Robert Bresson says, “The cinema did not start from zero. Everything to be called into question.” The purely visual tactics of movies are developed atop the rhetoric of literature, atop the rhetoric of oration. These tactics can be analogized and in those analogies are fruitful clues as to how these phase changes take place. But let me first indulge in a brief digression to provide some historical context.
No matter its execution, the structures of rhetoric enable opportunities for tenuous persuasion (control) even in situations that are meant to seem free. My interest is not in the manner Hunchback ’88 skillfully juxtaposes Booth’s model of rhetoric with the visual rhetoric of film, but how it abandons the traditional rhetoric of literature for a visual rhetoric that would be impossible without movies, yet is only possible back in the form of literature. The movement back from the way images function to the way text functions is not unlike any other translatory action with its loss of fidelity. One must simply be thrilled about that loss rather than lament it, and one must find a way for this thing to come alive in its new skin. Perhaps the most reassuring thing about this notion of visual rhetoric is that, as literary conceit, it is not new. In fact it is much more indebted to the dawn of literature in the 1500s than the commonplace literature of our contemporary culture that is the seventh son of the seventh son of the first maggot on the corpse of Naturalism.
The ceiling.
Feeling harangued.
Decorative tine, once painted white – now chipped from cheap, rusted from time.
No bulb screws into a dump-mangled socket set awkward at the middle of repeating curves and embossed flowers and crusted rounds creased in nubs, rope expressions and dots and slashes.
Every corner – eight total – a tacked juncture of three flats where dust collects dust, mossy and dense; each pulled buckle a tried sum of dead ends and dead zones; death in general, probably.
So, what was happening 400 years ago? An indispensable resource in answering this question is Rosemond Tuve’s comprehensive book Elizabethan & Metaphysical Imagery. Renaissance poetry was noteworthy and distinct for its significant investment in images. This is different than the metaphorically thematic use of “imagery” we observe in the last 200 years of poetry (after Baudelaire). Tuve describes an image as “the transliteration of a sense impression”. The use of images in Renaissance poetry was a facet of the still-codified and entrenched mechanisms of oratory rhetoric. Images were understood to be aligned with rhetorical principles, “topographia” for instance, the description of a place… or “icon,” a picture cultivated through similitude… had particular gearlike roles in the machinery of rhetoric. Their organization and interaction was governed by the more syntactical aspects of rhetoric, but their contents were lush and indulgent. Tuve:
Modern readers are prone to think, for example, that either ineptitude in narrative or naive pleasure in merely decorative ornament must have produced a long, slow, rhetorically sumptuous description like that of Mortimer’s tower in Drayton’s Mortimeriados. But an artist’s images are not likely to assist the aims we set for swift and faithful narrative of happenings if his intention is that his images should go far beyond naturalistic fidelity in expressiveness and should be part of a design which by its formal beauty heightened the significance of this matter.
This heightening of significance is known as “amplification.” Amplification was the practice of excessive ornamentation in the composition of these images with the sole function of distinguishing them, making them noteworthy in the slosh of text. Tuve elaborates:
‘Why add the ornament characteristic of poetic discourse, when the idea can be more clearly and economically stated otherwise?’ The Elizabethan, I think, would have simply answered, ‘Because it would not be heard.’
Now, to return to Bresson’s point, “cinema did not start from zero.” As written literature for 300 years meandered on an evolutionary path from the rhetoric of oration, so too do movies build upon that evolution in the structuring of its images. Certainly, movies inherit the narrative rhetoric of literature, but they also undergo a more significant phase change with what I would describe as the in-camera rhetoric of their visual composition. These visually rhetorical tactics, although not new in intent, give us a new understanding of the underlying mechanisms inherent to those tactics—whether in speaking, the written word, or the image—and how those mechanisms more elementally articulate our cognition. In our “seeing” something like parataxis made flesh, we begin to understand the rhetorical function of language differently, less in terms of the logic of its argument, and more—in a return to the aspirations of poetry—for its sensory effect. The conclusion of Bresson’s thought, “everything to be called into question,” might seem antithetical to something that did not start from zero, something that has a terrain. But what is called into question is that the terrain cinema was erected upon was not its own, and that coordination of the new over the old will necessarily involve some clever trajectories.
Ecphonesis: The face—glabrous, white, feminine with the creasings of a perpetual scowl over rotten teeth and dead black eyelids—flashes on the screen for 1/8th of a second in The Exorcist. / A sentence consisting of a single word or short phrase ending with an exclamation point.
Ellipse: The camera in Taxi Driver is shifting away from Travis calling Betsy from a payphone to spare us the agony of watching his rejection, but it only heightens the agony. / The suppression of ancillary words to render an expression more lively or more forceful.
Parataxis: In the passenger seat of Michel’s car, the flickering camera of Breathless on Patricia through the streets of Paris, gestures interrupted, quality of light abruptly changing. / Using juxtaposition of short, simple sentences to connect ideas, as opposed to explicit conjunction.
Adjunction: The camera passes over a doffed tuxedo and evening gown strewn across the floor, past a fire in the fireplace, to Roger Moore as James Bond’s awkward post-coital kissing—was Sir Roger capable of anything but awkward kissing?—with Countess Lisl von Schlaf in For Your Eyes Only. / When a verb is placed at the beginning or the end of a sentence instead of in the middle.
Non sequitur: A femur is flying against a pale sky a satellite is drifting against the blackness of space in 2001: A Space Odyssey. / A statement bearing no relationship to the preceding context.
Paraprosdokian: Danny rides his bigwheel through the abandoned hotel corridors in The Shining, weaving, racing across different floor coverings, racing in great loops, into a dead end where young twin girls ominously stand waiting for him.  / A sentence in which the latter half takes an unexpected turn.
Enjambment: In a shot of Meet the Parents Ben Stiller nervously leans against a white tile wall chewing nicotine gum, in the reverse shot a skimpy men’s bathing suit hangs from a clothes hanger over the back of a wooden chair. / The continuing of a syntactic unit over the end of a line.
Anadiplosis: Sergeant Nicholas Angel in Hot Fuzz is on the tube holding his Japanese peace lily, and holding his Japanese peace lily on the platform of a rural train station. / Repeating the last word of one clause or phrase to begin the next.
Epanalepsis: As the camera pans in It Follows, through a window a girl in a white shirt and jeans distance is innocuously walking toward its axis of rotation and it continues to pan, across the protagonists Jay and Greg, across a host of other extras, the interior of the building, and pans back out the window where the girl in the white shirt and jeans is even closer than before, still walking. / A figure of speech in which the same word or phrase appears both at the beginning and at the end of a clause.
Diction (Poetic): The nimble camera of Tenebre crawls across the facade of a house, slowly, uninterruptedly poring over every architectural detail, intermittently presenting useful framed views of its occupants. / “Every word is either current, or strange, or metaphorical, or ornamental, or newly-coined, or lengthened, or contracted, or altered.” -Aristotle
Ignoratio elenchi: Fixation on a childhood drawing in Deep Red seems to reveal that Carlo is the murderer, when in fact it is his mother. / A conclusion that is irrelevant.
Alliteration: Madeleine shimmering in a green silk dress in Ernie’s restaurant, Madeleine in a green Jaguar on the streets of San Francisco, emerald green boxes stacked in Podesta Baldocchi florists, Madeleine floating in the green water beneath the Golden Gate Bridge, Jane in a green sweater and skirt standing between two green Podesta Baldocchi delivery trucks, the vaporous green glow of the Empire Hotel sign washing over Jane/Madeleine emerging from the bathroom, the luminous green sheer curtains silhouetting her figure in Vertigo. / The conspicuous repetition of identical initial consonant sounds in successive or closely associated syllables within a group of words. (Or more generally, a way of creating rhythm that is independent of time.)
These examples are free of the greater structure of meaning they serve in their cinematic bodies. They are rhetorical tactics that function like simple machines on their own, as gifs let’s say, aphorisms of the moving image. This is visual rhetoric. The connection of this cinematic imagery to the momentum of narrative is not where its agency lies. The capacity of the image to communicate independently is the true evolutionary clade of rhetoric in movies. It often labors on a completely different suite of agenda items than the verbal aspects of the movie. And this is, on some level, at play in all movies. But so often film falls short of the power available in its visual language, desperately using images to “Chekhov” (verb: to visually foreshadow) later events–conspicuously framing the rifle on the wall above the fireplace, if not lingering on it for a moment–because it is an image necessary to the rhetoric of the tale, not functional independent of the tale as a pure turn-of-phrase.
Certain types of movies traffic more heavily in the primacy of visual rhetoric. Lucio Fulci calls these “absolute films.” And it so happens that many, if not most of them are horror movies. Fulci describes his movie The Beyond as:
A plotless film: a house, people, and dead men coming from the Beyond. There’s no logic to it, just a succession of images… People who blame The Beyond for its lack of story have not understood that it’s a film of images, which must be received without any reflection. They say it is very difficult to interpret such a film, but it is very easy to interpret a film with threads: any idiot can understand Molinaro’s La Cage aux Folles, or even Carpenter’s Escape from New York, while The Beyond or Argento’s Inferno are absolute films.
I am not asserting that narrative and the Boothian rhetoric of fiction have no role in film—many movies are quite comfortable and productive functioning as visual tales—but that it is beneficial for our understanding of where literature might head to look at examples in which that is not the primary agenda. This is similar to, for example, an astronomer masking out superfluous radiance with a background frame, leaving only the object under observation.
Small grey room. Small. No windows, no observation booth, no exits to be outlined for a mind-map or hiding in plain sight. Total minimalism: a trap. Feels like a trap… Dangling low on the world’s grossest wire from a ceiling of infinite shadow and mystery and plumbing: a bare bulb strikes below-barren light. Under that: a large Formica table. Under that: two wooden chairs tucked and parked across from each other… and those chairs appear to be melting? From the hall they do anyway; thick brown snot covering a lounging skeleton watching itself watch itself. Confidence mirror cracked. Across the room, the other side of the table, against the far wall, a smaller, also Formica-topped, table with one of those old VHS/TV combo units sitting dust, turned on; screen a dark wobbly looking magenta… slight sudden fuzz breaks across it during my short gaze—I blink once, space out, blink again, turn back into the hall and black, look back into the room and… Place my left palm on the red gloss, it is warm, maybe hot, yank away with a shake before the burn can really get tested. Steps start, slow, continue until I’m standing at the first table, between the two sweaty chairs, looking down at a mound of shredded paper cleanly sculpted and peaked in twists of wormy construct. A cone. A small head dunce cap. Next to it: a paperback-sized stack of yellowed papers. I flip the yoked top sheet, which is blank, the next page: The Creamiest Babysitter.
Horror movies are particularly suitable experimental mechanisms because of our low expectations for them. They possess freedom that derives from if not their unreality, then at least their foreignness. One hopes that very few of us know what it is like to awaken on an operating table with a severed head performing oral sex on us (see Re-Animator (or don’t see it)). Our frame of reference, our threshold of credulity, is not as rigorous. We open ourselves to the visual—the momentary—in the absence of a pertinent larger picture. In that freedom is the promotion of the rhetorical bit and a demotion of causality. If this sounds familiar, it is because it is much closer to the raw ideals of literature, the magic liberty of mere words, that Rosemond Tuve was discussing above. Horror movies are primarily visual in the way they relate information. They are visually rhetorical in the way the manipulate the viewer. They do not typically hinge on information revealed in dialogue, a practice that hinges much more on the traditional application of verbal rhetoric. Because these images are increasingly emptied of their propulsive capacity, they gather their own gravity and separate themselves from the whole. The fixation is on the tactical setpiece. In an interview with Dario Argento, the questioner suggested, “If you were forced to make the choice between an amazing visual effect and a plot point, I imagine you’d always go for the visual,” to which Argento replied, “You’re right.”

If there was a pristine alignment of the arguments that Fulci and Argento are making it exists in Beyond the Black Rainbow, an almost genreless horror/scifi movie in the tradition of Scanners. In an interview with Filmmaker magazine, director Panos Cosmatos said of his methodology for the film:
When I was a kid I wasn’t allowed to watch R-rated films but I would spend hours at the video store just looking at the box covers of the horror and the science fiction films and imagining my own versions of them without seeing them. Remembering that time was the inspiration of the film — the idea of making a remembered or imagined film.
This is virtually a template for a film constructed of the visual simple machines described above.
As we move to understand how this visual rhetoric, which is pervasive in the way the contemporary consciousness apprehends information, has moved back toward literature without falling back into its old comfy tropes, it is useful to visit Jose Ortega y Gasset at great length.
We have here a very simple optical problem. To see a thing we must adjust our visual apparatus in a certain way. If the adjustment is inadequate the thing is seen indistinctly or not at all. Take a garden seen through a window… Since we are focusing on the garden… we do not see the window but look clear through it…  But we can also deliberately disregard the garden and, withdrawing the ray of vision, detain it at the window. We then lose sight of the garden… Hence to see the garden and to see the windowpane are two incompatible operations… Similarly a work of art vanishes from sight for a beholder who seeks in it nothing but the moving fate of John and Mary or Tristan and Isolde and adjusts his vision to this. Tristan’s sorrows are sorrows and can evoke compassion only in so far as they are taken as real. But an object of art is artistic only in so far as it is not real. But not many people are capable of adjusting their perceptive apparatus to the pane and the transparency that is the work of art. Instead they look right through it and revel in the human reality with which the work deals.
We are looking for a literature that becomes one of vision, not the vision represented by the text, but the vision of the text. We don’t want to see what the text is describing, but what the text is.
Rene Huyghe says in Art and the Spirit of Man:
We imagine that an art language would inevitably serve to render, in images, ideas as distinct as those expressed by words–a sort of visual literal translation. To begin, the language of art need not in the least be a duplication of verbal language. Actually, art often serves to make up for gaps or weaknesses in writing.
Because text is assumed to stand in for a totality, each bit is assumed to have a greater whole lingering within it. We write the word “lake”, and we are forgiven for not presenting the verbal cartography of its shoreline—for after all, where does that end, at what scale do we choose to describe it, at what magnification of its materiality, tracing every grain of sand with analogies, “This cluster looks like a calyx, and the next like the wet fur on the scalp of a kitten, and the next…” —for not presenting the bathymetry, the temperature distribution, the color temperature of the light reflecting from every angle. And what of the treeline, and what of the summer camp where the counselors let a young boy drown while they were making love? So, we write the word lake. But the single word “lake” embodies all of that and more, an exploitation of what Huyghe describes as the shortcoming of writing, because it is both empty and vast, large and containing multitudes. And then we follow the word “lake” with another word until we have a book. But instead of stringing these full words together across time and space in a gallivanting tale that undervalues the expansive breadth of each word, is it possible that the entirety of a book is the protraction of a single instant, a single image, or flicker of a few frames from a movie, quite similar to the way a geologic timespan is described using our 24 hour clock where humans arrive on the scene at 11:59:59. This may sound like a shortcoming—after all the movie has thousands of these moments strung together in a grand spectrum of fluid titillation—but it is the book that has stopped time, that has crawled inside the instant like into a cave or a fractal to gaze around at its leisure on the fascinations and possibilities of the entire universe of human knowledge contained in that moment.
A bump in the night. That classic moment of versed, well-worn hauntings… Pretty much the first blood in any and all spooky experiences… was to be my warning: Bump. It was night. Left eye slit, the webbed ectoplasm gurgling above me; lustrous and hard and thick and thin. Untidy. Churning. Soft. A ghost, or this ghost, seems like it could be, would be, more substantial than it probably is, but no surprise: a ghost is an illusion, a brain trick… Thousands of tiny muffins cooking in your oven. What is a surprise is how it feels when it licks your skin. Running a soppy purple-white tongue from top to bottom… Cartographic discovery in every fold, stretch and follicle of my flesh. Then, whoa, when it sinks into you? Pressing dead tongue past the dermis to lick your guts or your cerebral cortex or your left femur or your nervous system… and then when the wild sparks from that attention… When they jolly your body? Well, you feel elevated, bigger than alive, bigger than death… Actually, the farthest from dead you’ve ever noticed being… ever, ever, ever… And I wonder why there is not more of it to be had, immediately, in the future, in a memory… And the creamy apparition whispered in maggot flow, …my captors, comedians and comediennes, a most vile degradation…
Think what a film can do in panning across a landscape of detritus in which a variety of significant and possibly allusive objects are embedded, and even utilizing a camera movement that may be allusive (think of, for instance, the camera movement following Henry and company into the back door of the Copa in Good Fellas and how tropic it has now become). An earnest response to this situation is to admit that text cannot perform the same function as the image and therefore narrows it must narrow its scope. Rather than a high-fidelity novelization of Texas Chainsaw Massacre, why not an entire book devoted to the moment before Sally falls unconscious, the blackness, and the moment following her awakening.

The passiveness by which the image in movies may communicate is what literature lacks. One cannot idly “show” a messy room in text. One can say “the room is messy” or one can list the things in the room and describe their position. The first is the jaunty nominal mode of contemporary prose. The second, in its precision, is not actually messy. Rosemond Tuve, discussing a similar disconnect painting and poetry, intimated that, “An Elizabethan poet would have accomplished such an effect by an ingenious tissue of magnifications and ‘diminishings.'” This is not dependent on richness of language, but on the mechanics of how it is rhetorically deployed to address the visual, which is dependent on linguistic silence, the mainlining of a sensation. Tuve’s tissue is woven by connotative gravity, but also by the visual disposition of text relative to the other masses of text and to the structure of the poem, and consequently its location on the page. These latter of these broaches what would be categorized as issues of paratext.
One can “make” a messy room out of text.
Gérard Genette, the godfather of the paratext (author of Paratexts (or originally in French, Seuils (or “thresholds”))), describes it as:
What enables a text to become a book and to be offered as such to its readers and, more generally, to the public. More than a boundary or a sealed border, the paratext is, rather, a threshold, or—a word used apropos of a preface—a ‘vestibule’ that offers the world at large the possibility of either stepping inside or turning back.
This is “making” a book that is separate from its “writing”.
Perhaps the notion that has the greatest distinction from “writing” is also the simplest, most pervasive, most insidious notion of what is at stake with paratext is the book’s size, or what Genette refers to as its “format”. His archaeology of the sizes of books and their meaning is fascinating, if for no other reason than the articulation of how that size is a product of how many times the sheet of paper is folded before it is cut (quarto, folded twice, four leaves, or eight pages per sheet; octavo, folded four times, eight leaves, or sixteen pages per sheet). But the paratextual function, initially derived from the cachet of devoting more paper to a significant work and less to an insignificant work, is more of a culturally perpetuated notion. There have been all sorts of deviations from this. One could visualize the appropriation of the quarto for a vanity publication as easily as for the complete works of Rousseau. The size of the book affects the manner of our approach to it. Consider the paratextual journey of the small book, which Stendhal rejected as “novels for chambermaids”. Eventually, through the Penguin and Pelican pocket books, publications of more significant works of literature in small mass market formats began to divest the size from its the abject dismissive connotations of cheapness. My copy of The Red and the Black is a mass market paperback. Take that, Stendhal. Now books are generally found in two sizes, mass market and trade. This simple distinction telegraphs the historical paratextual connotations of size, where mass market books are typically pulpy pap and trade books are conventionally “literature”. These are conventions that can be used imagistically. For instance, Hunchback ‘88 is in mass market format and from this it inherits the entire contemporary consciousness of schlock literature like Dean Koontz, or what have you. This is not rhetoric in the classical sense. It is not rhetorical even in the transitional sense that Booth describes. It is a visual rhetoric that preys on our shared understandings of culture. Now imagine for a moment all the other characteristics Genette unpacks in his book: cover, typesetting, print quality, inserts (another thing that Hunchback ‘88 employs), etc. And imagine the fullness of possibility in exploring and capitalizing on each of these and all of these for its rhetorical capacity.
Paratexts inflect the writing, but they are not writing. They are visual. Their productive, communicative use pushes writing closer to this realm of visual rhetoric that is so special to movies. Sonja K. Foss, a scholar of feminist communications, writes that visual rhetoric is at play when, “the creation of an image involves the conscious decision to communicate as well as conscious choices about the strategies to employ in areas such as color, form, medium, and size.” This would imply that the author of a book would need to be considerate of all these issues as the book was being composed. This is rare. One can “will” the experience of a book in this direction, to see the image of the book rather than its contents, through cultivation of distracted reading as a way to engender the visual effect of focus/neglect of focus. It seems that the text would be something that frustrates this strategy. But, just as the phonemes of the horror movie—knife, blood, lifeless eyes—allow it to speak without speaking, the text of a book invested in the paratextual, imagistic experience, is vitally important. Philip Wheelwright, in Metaphor and Reality, establishes the concept of the diaphor, a type of metaphor whose possibility—its magic—lies “in the broad ontological fact that new quantities and new meanings can emerge, simply come into being, out of some hitherto ungrouped combination of elements”. Where words begin to take on visual qualities as their logical destinies are thwarted… it is impossible to expect that the English language is fully capable of a word becoming solely an image, but the disruption of its beholdenness to discursive meaning, and its marriage with the visual aspects of the book is a step toward that reading performance. This is the visual rhetoric possible in the productive symbiosis of text and paratext.
Perhaps most importantly, the paratext, and its family of possibilities, are completely, 100%, distinct from the mechanics of rhetoric that literature inherited from oration. These are things only possible with the book object. Not surprisingly, this is found being indulged in the early literature of the printed word when the book form was a novelty. Perhaps no other book in the pre-cinematic era of literature so lovingly embraces its bookness, the impossibility of its composition in the oratorical theater of rhetoric, than Tristram Shandy. Rather than make a fool of myself as an armchair Sterne critic, I will close with the uncanny reclaiming of Tristram Shandy‘s visual rhetoric by Christopher Norris, and its marriage with the post-cinematic diaphorical prose of the novel you’ve been glimpsing throughout this essay.
Shandy / Hunchback
Shandy / Hunchback
Shandy / Hunchback
Tristram Shandy / Hunchback ’88
…a syncopic fade-to-black about 2/3 of the way through Hunchback ‘88, black pages, clutching sensation of death and smothering, is a particularly compelling trope of horror movies, Texas Chainsaw Massacre for instance—a relatively bloodless and rather slowly burning movie—builds to an intermediate crescendo at which the protagonist, Sally (Salleeeeeeeeeeeeey), is driven to unconsciousness through psychological trauma, what she wakes up to, and what we wake up to in Hunchback ’88 after the syncope, is a third act of almost plotless (relative to the first 2/3) visceral horror, it is a tremendously effective mechanism that propagates the experiential characteristics of the reader/viewer directly with the content and structure of the work… the trope is used elsewhere in film… Martyrs, Frankenstein’s Army, The Descent, and House of the Devil come to mind. This is the first experience I have had of it in a text…
Hunchback ‘88 is a book that is cinematic not at the discursive level but at the presentational level. It is not cinematically representational; it is cinematically performative. There is not much doubt that humans will continue their infatuation with the moving image. Although its artifice is sure to change, and is changing already from the static composition of the film to the elective stream of video games and the self-curated fragmentation of social media (stand over someone’s shoulder watching a bunch of Instagram stories and try to ignore its bizarre relationship to Eisenstein’s montage). The mechanics that movies have adopted from literature are maturing into their own entities. Surely this will loop around through culture as everything does, as it has, and what I’ve been interested in here is the mature state of what literature began adopting from cinema 75 years ago, where it stands alone yet again. - John Trefry
www.3ammagazine.com/3am/how-wonderfully-shall-their-wordes-pearce-into-inward-human-partes-the-new-visual-rhetoric-of-literature-hunchback-88/




Christopher Norris...
who goes by the alias Steak Mtn.,
who has been the artist behind several notable punk album covers,
who is responsible for the visual identity of the band Against Me!,
who does not listen to Against Me!,
who has made art that is permanently inked on people’s flesh,
who cringes when reminded of that,
who once sang in the grindcore band CombatWoundedVeteran,
who is quite ashamed of that fact,
who became notorious in the hardcore scene,
who was relentlessly aped by the hardcore scene,
who has crafted a reputation as a misanthrope,
who works very hard to maintain that persona,
who probably hates you,
who probably hates me,
who is my close friend,
who designed a book I co-authored
...is now an author in his own right.
Hunchback ‘88 is Norris’ debut novel. It’s not tied to a traditional, linear structure but is instead a free fall of off-putting scenarios, grotesque word pairings, and the deranged brain droppings of an artist who is possibly a genius but possibly also completely insane. There are no chapters or page numbers so it’s easy to feel lost—stranded, really—in the dark recesses of his mind.
Those who have had the misfortune of following Norris and his antagonistic Steak Mtn. endeavors since his CombatWoundedVeteran days in the late 90s may notice a thread of similarity between his graphic design work and his prose. Norris’ trademark artistic style on the covers of albums like Combat’s I Know a Girl Who Develops Crime Scene Photos was immediately identifiable among its punk peers—a perverse heap of neon limbs, decapitated skulls, blood spatters, and seared flesh. After Norris popularized the style, a number of—to be polite—“similar” works started cropping up on record sleeves and t-shirts, leading you to wonder if they too were original Steak Mtn. designs. But of course, if you had to ask whether it was a Steak Mtn. design, it wasn’t. Norris has always had a way of always staying one step ahead of the trends in hardcore, a perpetual progenitor of provocation.
Norris has been notoriously and deliberately difficult to hire, and even more difficult to work with. He has been sparing with his design services, doing work only for select artists like Atom & His Package, Jeff Rosenstock, United Nations, and the client who has been able to stand him the longest, Against Me!. He is typically blasé and unenthused about the work he’s done, and life in general, but there are glints of real, actual excitement buried deep under his surface-level apathy when discussing Hunchback '88, which he worked on for six years, mostly writing it on his phone, and largely as a distraction. Maybe his excitement stems from the fact that this book marks the first time he has stepped out from behind his protective Steak Mtn. shield and truly put himself out there.
And so… an interview with Christopher Norris about Hunchback ‘88...
Noisey: So which of the Harry Potter books would you say your book is most like?Christopher Norris: The ass cabin one. Yeah. That’s what it’s called, right?
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Ass Cabin, yes.A Fun Night at Ass Cabin. I think we’re done. Thanks.
How would you describe the book?It’s a horror book. I guess it’s rooted in horror but I always like things—movies, books—that look like one thing but are another thing. I like people who write below genre. It’s tacky to say they write above it because it means that they’re above it, but below it. So, horror movies that don’t seem like horror movies, horror movies that are smarter than they lead on.
So what does this book purport to be and what is it actually?I’m sure I’ve got plenty of dumb, pretentious things to say about it, but realistically speaking, it all boils down to: I like seeing bodies come apart. And I like writing bodies coming apart.
Much of it feels like an exploration of space on the page, but also, there are sections that are composed of lengthy, complex, really disgusting and off-putting word clusters. Where’d your writing style come from?At some point in time, I thought to start writing screenplays. Not like I would ever make anything, but just to see if I could do it, because I like reading screenplays. I like the skeleton of a screenplay. So then I was like, “Well maybe I’ll write a book that’s just a screenplay.” And then I wrote five movies, essentially.
I liked the idea of writing a book but I always thought, ah I’ll never be able to do it, or I’ll never be able to do it in a way that I want to do it. So I started finding writers that I actually like, because I also don’t read a lot. I like the idea of reading, and the rhythm of words, but I thought I’d never be able to do that. Because even though I have an art background and understand abstraction and things like that, you think, “Who’s gonna have patience for something that’s all fucked up and weird?” So once I started finding things that were similar to movies but in novel form, I was like, oh this could happen. I don’t have to have a three-act structure. I don’t even have to have a fucking ending. Books are way more forgiving than any other art form. You could spend 20 pages describing something that doesn’t really matter.
I notice on the cover you did not put Steak Mtn., you put Christopher Norris. Why?Because Steak Mtn. is so stupid. I think this is the first thing that I’ve ever done that’s not dealing with bands or things like that that… I’m not gonna say I’m proud of it, but it seems more in line with any creative ability that I have or would rather align myself with. Also, Steak Mtn. is a thing that’s gonna follow me around forever, that I’ll never be able to schuck. You name yourself something stupid when you’re 18, and then all of a sudden it takes off and you can’t avoid it. So I didn’t want to put Steak Mtn. on the cover. And Matt Finner, who put the book out, was… I don’t think he was bummed about that but he was like, “Oh, well... I kinda gave Steak Mtn. a book option.” And it just looks tacky, it’s such a stupid name.
If I may psychoanalyze: I think you’ve often used Steak as a veil to hide behind and poke fun at people and things with some level of anonymity. Would you agree?Yeah, 100 percent. Are you kidding me? It’s a hammer.
So is it scarier then to have your name on this? It’s harder than writing it off as just fucking with people, which has been the premise behind Steak Mtn.It would be scarier if it was the beginning of my career, if I was more sensitive to things like that. A lot of it is a little weirder, but for those who know Steak Mtn., chances are they know my name anyway. It’s a little scary, because I don’t know if it’s good, but I know I liked doing it. It’s like most art where it doesn’t actually matter if it’s good.
Who do you think your followers are at this point?Like, 40-year-old hardcore kids and sweaty teenagers.
Sweaty, teen Against Me! fans.Yeah, exactly. And that’s kind of how it’s been for ten years. And most Against Me! fans don’t know Steak Mtn., either.
But certainly they see some congruity between the band’s albums and the merch and Laura [Jane Grace]’s book.You would think. But I don’t know if anybody’s that perceptive. I think if you are sensitive to art and aesthetic and aren’t just consuming it at face value, or you think this looks “sick,” but you don’t create that timeline in your head… I don’t think people are that smart.
How do you think the average Against Me! fan would feel about Hunchback?There’s a version of Hunchback that’s way sketchier, way meaner, that’s way more… I wouldn’t say sexist or misogynist, but I would say treating sexuality in a really abject, transgressive way, that I pulled out, like a month before it went to press. It maybe made me nervous a bit. It also just felt unnecessary inside of a book that’s full of unnecessary things. Most of it was kind of not very PC sex stuff that makes people nervous. But again, books are different because people will read something fucked up and will not get as super offended as if it’s in a movie or a fucking song by somebody. It’s strange what readers—proper readers who love reading—will take. I like that idea that movie fans or music fans never really wanna get out of their lane, but readers will read almost everything.
I couldn’t believe the lack of depth of the average online reader when I saw the reaction to that “Cat Person” story—people getting angry about a character being called fat and what not.Absolutely. In general, a writer writes personalities and lets them bounce off each other. So, of course if you have a person who sucks, they’re gonna say shit that’s awful. Sure, it’s in the mind of the writer who’s like, “What’s the worst thing this person could be called?” But obviously we’re in this strange culture of… not even knee-jerk, not even trigger-finger. It’s crazy—you don’t even finish the sentence and you’re in trouble.
There seems to have been a movement in recent years of older, artsy hardcore dudes writing books of poetry or dark novels. Do you consider Hunchback above that or is it part of that?It’s part of that because it’s unavoidable. Somebody like Wes Eisold or Max Morton, people who are working in a transgressive manner, I’m definitely writing in that mold. There’s a new term called “horror-adjacent” that I’ve been hearing a lot—horror movies that aren’t horror movies, the artsy horror film. So I think in general, hardcore men and women who are writing these books, they’re obviously like, “I’m in line with that because my interests are like that.” They like seeing bodies come apart, or they like tales of drug abuse, they love [Herbert] Selby and people like that or Peter Sotos. And I like all that stuff too.
Do you think you’ll retire Steak Mtn.?I would love to retire Steak Mtn. I would love to not have to rely on it for money. Let me rephrase. I would love to not have to rely on it for the occasional money. Because I’ve set up Steak Mtn. so that I don’t do Steak Mtn. very often. There are stretches of time where I don’t do work, because I’m either turning it down, or I’m goofing on bands where I take the work, drag them along, and then fucking dump ’em. So sometimes the persona of being Steak Mtn. is more interesting than making the art. So to me, being difficult is the most fun. And I have the option to abuse people in a very PG way.
So being difficult is an integral part of the Steak Mtn. body of work?Always. The whole body of work is about being difficult, and testing people’s limits of what they’ll take from you.
I noticed a parallel between sections of Hunchback and the I Know a Girl Who Develops Crime Scene Photos LP, in that it was this word vomit of well-strung, disgusting phrases.Great.
And even going back to the Amputees art you did, I feel like there’s a real similarity between the two. Do you see that or no?My goal on that work back then, when [Dan] Ponch and I started Combat, we were seeing all these bands, bands that we loved—Crossed Out, Man Is the Bastard, No Comment, even the San Diego stuff like Antioch Arrow and Heroin, fast and loose, crazy grind stuff or jumbled insanity—what we were seeing was a lot of dumb black and white stuff that I looked at and said, “I don’t want to do that.” I want to do that, but I don’t want to put a fucking dead baby on the cover that’s been blown out on a Xerox machine. We’re gonna take that dead baby and we’re gonna give it bat wings and we’re gonna put it on a fluorescent pink background. Because it’s familiar but it’s different. That’s how the work has always been. I’m drawn to these dumb things. I’m drawn to skulls. I’m drawn to dead, idiot things. But I don’t want to do it that way.
After you made a lot of the Combat art, did you see a lot of similarities cropping up in hardcore?I think there’s a lot of similarities but I think also these things happen like zeitgeist. They happen in four different places and you have four different people doing…
Parallel thought.Parallel thought. The brain is complex but it’s not that complex, and the human condition all works with the same details. So it’s not surprising that some idiot kid in Minnesota, and me, and somebody in California, and somebody in New York, and somebody in Germany all had the same idea.
A lot of that Combat art was based on the design for Pee-wee’s Playhouse. That had a huge effect on me, that insanity, Gary Panter’s design, and that color and that strangeness. And even something as silly as like, the work that Rob Zombie was doing in White Zombie—La Sexorcisto and all that stuff. He was drawing these proto-Coop stupid devil doll girls on fluorescent green backgrounds with zombie heads.
You and I have talked a lot about using a work to analyze the author’s view of the world. How do you think someone would interpret your worldview through, any of your work really, but Hunchback specifically?They probably would think that I don’t really care much about people. Which is true. I think people would just think my worldview is sour. But also, it’s kind of like this: you’ve got a villain and a hero. And chances are, there’s somebody above the villain that’s a supervillain. The supervillain understands empathy and all the honesty of the world, they just don’t like it. They shit on it. And that’s why they’re supervillains. So I’d love somebody to say, “He’s a supervillain. He just doesn’t give a fuck about the human condition. He wants to take it apart.” Also, I think that somebody would just think that I like fucking with people, because that’s what the book is, too. It’s a mystery that doesn’t need to get solved. Everybody’s so worried about a resolution and I’m not. - Dan Ozzi
https://noisey.vice.com/en_us/article/7x77ay/steak-mtn-interview-hunchback-88

Martin Riker - When Samuel Johnson dies, he finds himself in the body of the man who killed him, unable to depart this world but determined, at least, to return to the son he left behind. Moving from body to body as each one expires, Samuel’s soul journeys on a comic quest through an American half-century, inhabiting lives as stymied, in their ways, as his own

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Martin Riker, Samuel Johnson's Eternal ReturnCoffee House Press, 2018.                 


www.martinriker.com/
excerpt



When Samuel Johnson dies, he finds himself in the body of the man who killed him, unable to depart this world but determined, at least, to return to the son he left behind. Moving from body to body as each one expires, Samuel’s soul journeys on a comic quest through an American half-century, inhabiting lives as stymied, in their ways, as his own. A ghost story of the most unexpected sort, Martin Riker’s extraordinary debut is about the ways experience is mediated, the unstoppable drive for human connection, and the struggle to be more fully alive in the world.




Riker’s charming and thoughtful debut opens with the titular Samuel entering young adulthood in a secluded community in Pennsylvania during the 1950s and early ’60s. Against his parents’ wishes, he secretly watches television with a neighbor, whom he falls in love with and eventually marries. They have a son, his wife dies in childbirth, and Samuel’s existence is further rocked when a roaming vagrant tries to kidnap the child when he is 3 years old. During the scuffle, Samuel is killed, and his spirit inexplicably enters the body of his assailant. Now unable to interact from inside this new vessel, Samuel spends decades bouncing from one body to the next, moving on to a new host after his current host dies, inertly looking through the eyes of strangers, all as he attempts to conjure a method to influence his hosts’ actions and make his way home to his son. This shaggy journey shuttles him back and forth across the U.S., as well as oceans, and much like the TV programs Samuel consumes, the bodies he inhabits represent a variety of narrative genres. Riker is a gifted storyteller, and his novel’s enchanting exploration of humanity and philosophy, of how humans connect with their environment and community, is unforgettable. —Publishers Weekly, starred review



“The debut of Riker’s first novel, Samuel Johnson’s Eternal Return, is so thrilling for us bookish types.” —The Millions



“This is a comic-philosophical novel, the other side of the same coin as Milan Kundera’s ‘The Unbearable Lightness of Being.’” —The Wall Street Journal



“A lush, comic, and bighearted journey through the minds and experiences of American strangers.” —Literary Hub

“Reincarnation, cycles of violence, and the history of television: Martin Riker’s debut novel finds an intriguing overlap between a host of seemingly disparate subjects.” —Vol. 1 Brooklyn

“A darkly funny contemporary story.” —St. Louis Post-Dispatch

Samuel Johnson’s Eternal Return is the needle and thread that connects life and death, grumpy old man and flâneur.” —New Pages 

“A philosophical yet fast-paced tale filled with satisfyingly unexpected turns.” —Booklist

“John Donne once proclaimed, ‘I sing the progress of a deathless soul.’ Well, so does Martin Riker. His Samuel Johnson’s Eternal Return is a masterpiece of metempsychosis. That it also warbles and bellows so brilliantly about fatherhood and husbandhood, about the religious life and the mediated life, is an indication of Riker’s range, which is as rolling-field-expansive as his empathy.” —Joshua Cohen

“One of our finest readers is now one of our most exciting novelists. . . . A funny, amiable, wholly original time-bender of a debut.” —Ed Park

“By turns hilarious and tragic, Samuel Johnson’s Eternal Return is a haunting and bizarre novel of twentieth-century television and other forsaken American landscapes.” —Azareen Van Der Vliet Oloomi

“Funny, gorgeous, haunted.” —St. Louis Magazine

A man torn forcefully from his son lives many lifetimes trying to return.
This debut novel by Riker is an odd philosophical meditation on life itself and can be dryly funny and emotionally frustrating in turns. Our narrator is Samuel Johnson, a young father living in picturesque Unityville, Pennsylvania, circa 1960—and no evident relation to the eminent 18th-century English writer. After his wife dies in childbirth, Samuel’s only salve is his young son, Samuel Jr. But one night a maniac with a gun grabs the child, there is a struggle, and...Samuel Johnson is shot in the head and dies. Unpredictably, he is immediately thrust into the body of the man who killed him. That man dies soon after in a car accident, flinging Samuel once more into the body of the nearest person. “I tried every possible escape...but what was there to try?” he says. “No actions to take, no choices to make. Just awareness of myself as a being in nonspace, witness to a life that was not mine and had nothing to do with me.” What follows is something of a comedy of errors as Samuel lives out the lives of various hosts, mostly of poor character, including a long stretch with a heroin-addicted sex worker. There are some hints at redemption—Samuel gets a clue about what happened to him and meets another trapped soul who teaches him to gain some control over his host body. But there’s something unsatisfying about the narrative, be it Samuel’s judgmental, catty voice or his hosts’ pitiable, very human arcs. Riker makes some interesting observations near the end, using Nietzsche’s doctrine of eternal return as a touchstone, but the many lives of Samuel Johnson just don’t add up to a satisfying denouement.
A quirky novel that uses the transmigration of the soul to meditate on the human condition.
 —Kirkus

“This peripatetic novel somehow manages to be a thoughtful treatment of TV AND a beautiful statement on why we write books.” —Josh Cook, Porter Square Books (Cambridge MA)

“After his violent death, Samuel Johnson inhabits multiple souls as he strives to reunite with his now orphaned young son. Traveling between dark humor, unfathomable tragedy, and tracing the history of television in America, Martin Riker's outstanding debut novel Samuel Johnson’s Eternal Return illustrates how the human spirit can persevere.” ―Caitlin Luce Baker, University Book Store (Seattle WA)

“Ambitious and memorable, deadly serious and unexpectedly comic, Samuel Johnson’s Eternal Return is the ghost story you’ve been waiting for.” ―Michael Hermann, Gibson’s Bookstore

Samuel Johnson’s Eternal Return is about Samuel Johnson, who dies only to find himself inside someone else's body a mere passenger. Though seemingly powerless to influence his host, Samuel is desperate to get back to his son and the life he left behind. That’s a fun and creative plot, which alone would probably sell me on the book. But Martin Riker’s debut novel is full of so much more. It's also about Nietzsche and friendship and what we spend our time doing and especially television. Riker’s long subplot about television is almost as extraordinary as Samuel Johnson's own journey. Is life merely one long repetition? Does television unite us or divide us? Can you live a life without all the boring parts? I don’t know if Riker answers these questions, but with witty and captivating prose, the journey to ask them sure is worth it.” —Kyle Curry

“A perfectly wondrous tale, wildly engaging from the  start, so sure and graceful in the telling, so crazyhuman in the best ways. It is now one of my favorite books.” —Rikki Ducornet







Martin Riker grew up in central Pennsylvania. He worked as a musician for most of his twenties, in nonprofit literary publishing for most of his thirties, and has spent the first half of his forties teaching in the English department at Washington University in St. Louis. In 2010, he and his wife Danielle Dutton co-founded the feminist press Dorothy, a Publishing Project. His fiction and criticism have appeared in publications including the Wall Street Journal, the New York Times, London Review of Books, the Baffler, and Conjunctions. This is his first novel.
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